Question 1

Fred developed based on what he experienced in life and learned to behave based on whether his parents approved or disapproved of his actions. Which theorist would agree with this developmental proposal?

Accepted Answer

Locke believed in the concept of tabula rasa, meaning that the mind is a blank slate at birth and is shaped by experiences, including parental approval or disapproval.

Question 2

The twentieth century saw many changes in how children were viewed and treated. They were no longer property or sources of labor. What is one development that prompted a change in how children were viewed during this time?

Accepted Answer

The founding of child development as an academic discipline in the 20th century led to a more scientific understanding of children's needs and development, prompting changes in how they were viewed and treated.

Question 3

Children became more visible in the ____, fostering awareness of childhood as a special time of life.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children became more visible in the ____,...

Question 4

A child is exhibiting anxious behaviors and the therapist works to reconcile internal conflicts within the child based on early experiences with parents in order to develop more adaptive behaviors. What is the theory the therapist is working with?

Accepted Answer

The therapist is working with the theory of psychosexual development, which was proposed by Sigmund Freud. This theory emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and how they shape the personality, focusing on internal conflicts and their resolution for healthier psychological development.

Question 5

A theory that sees children as developing through distinct periods of life is called ____.

Accepted Answer

Stage theory refers to the concept that children develop through distinct and sequential stages, each characterized by specific developmental tasks or milestones.

Question 6

According to Freud, internal processes conflict with one another, causing problems with observable behaviors. Which of the following is one of the main issues that causes internal conflict?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis suggests that internal conflict often arises from the tension between our basic biological drives (such as those for sex and aggression) and the social expectations placed upon us by society. This conflict is central to many of his theories, including the structure of personality (id, ego, and superego) and the stages of psychosexual development.

Question 7

Hailey is a one-year-old baby who is hungry. She begins crying and does not stop until she is fed, regardless of what her parents do to soothe her. Which part of Freud's theory is at work with Hailey?

Accepted Answer

The id is the part of Freud's theory that is at work with Hailey. According to Freud, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of needs and desires. In Hailey's case, her crying until she is fed, regardless of her parents' attempts to soothe her, reflects the id's operation, as she is seeking immediate satisfaction of her hunger.

Question 8

Freud's theory includes conflict between parts of the personality. Each part has a function and, according to Freud, there are times when the drive of one is in conflict with the drive of another. One of the functions acts to satisfy and mediate the others. Which one does this?

Accepted Answer

The ego acts as the mediator in Freud's personality theory, working to satisfy the demands of the id, the superego, and reality by employing defense mechanisms and rational thought.

Question 9

Adele allowed her baby to nurse until she was two years old. At five years old, Adele's child refused to give up sucking his thumb. Adele's mother read about Freudian psychology and learned that the thumb sucking was due to problems during which stage of development?

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian psychology, thumb sucking is associated with the oral stage of psychosexual development. This stage occurs from birth to about 18 months, where the primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, and fixation at this stage can lead to behaviors such as thumb sucking in later life.

Question 10

In which psychosexual stage is gratification obtained through control and elimination of waste products?

Accepted Answer

During the anal stage of psychosexual development, which typically occurs between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, children find gratification through the control and elimination of waste products. This stage emphasizes toilet training and the pleasure of controlling bowel and bladder movements.

Question 11

Ed is five years-old and has a crush on his mother. He is resentful of the time his father spends with her and competes for her attention. Which stage is Ed in?

Accepted Answer

Ed is in the phallic stage of psychosexual development, according to Freudian theory. This stage occurs roughly between the ages of 3 and 6 years and is characterized by a child's interest in their genitalia and the development of strong attachments to the parent of the opposite sex, known as the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls.

Question 12

Ned begins to experience drives for sexual gratification with someone of the opposite sex. What psychosexual stage is this?

Accepted Answer

Ned is in the genital stage of psychosexual development, which typically begins at puberty. This stage is characterized by a renewed interest in genitalia and the pursuit of relationships with the opposite sex, focusing on mature sexual intimacy.

Question 13

Which of the following focuses on how a person's cultural environment influences his or her development?

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychology focuses on the study of how people grow and change throughout their lives, including the influence of their cultural environment on their development.

Question 14

Which of the following would be an example of how Freud gathered information for his theories?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychoanalytic theory was largely based on insights gathered from his adult patients' recollections and analyses of their childhood experiences, dreams, and unconscious thoughts during therapy sessions.

Question 15

Which of the following theories would be more of a flexible approach to how early experiences influence development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is considered more flexible as it emphasizes the role of social experiences across the whole lifespan and allows for growth and change.

Question 16

Which of the following Erikson stages corresponds to Freud's anal stage?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage corresponds to Freud's anal stage, focusing on toddlers' development of personal control and independence.

Question 17

Which of the following psychosexual stages correspond to the identity vs. role diffusion stage of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

The identity vs. role diffusion stage of psychosocial development, proposed by Erik Erikson, corresponds to adolescence. During this stage, individuals work on refining their sense of self and their identity. The genital stage in Freud's psychosexual stages of development, which occurs from puberty onwards, aligns with this period, focusing on mature sexual interests and relationships.

Question 18

Who argued that a scientific approach to development must focus only on observable behavior?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson argued that psychology should focus solely on observable behaviors, not unobservable internal mental processes, marking the foundation of behaviorism.

Question 19

Kali automatically gets up and switches classes in school when she hears the second bell. Which theory describes this behavior?

Accepted Answer

Kali's behavior is an example of classical conditioning, where she has learned to associate the second bell with the action of switching classes. This is a form of learning where a neutral stimulus (the bell) comes to elicit a response (getting up to switch classes) after being paired with another stimulus (the end of a class period) that naturally elicits that response.

Question 20

Which of the following would be a positive reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior. Allowing an extra scoop of ice cream for passing a test adds a pleasant stimulus to encourage the behavior of passing tests in the future.

Quiz 1: What Is Lifespan Development