Formalisation, span of management considerations, centralisation or decentralisation, and designation and line and staff positions are important organisational decisions in their own right. Collectively, however, they represent common mechanisms used for improving:

Question

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These mechanisms are primarily concerned with improving vertical coordination within an organization by establishing clear structures, roles, and communication channels from top to bottom.

Formalisation, Span of Management Considerations, Centralisation or Decentralisation, and Designation