Question 1

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg began his study of the development of moral reasoning with a group of
A) males aged 9 to 16.
B) males aged 12 to 32
C) females aged 9 to 16
D) females aged 12 to 32

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg studied a number of young men aged nine to sixteen, asking them to reason through a series of moral problems or dilemmas. Kohlberg followed up with them over the next twenty years.

Question 2

Faruk is an adult man who is faced occasionally with moral dilemmas. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Faruk likely has reached which step of moral reasoning?
A) step 3
B) step 4
C) step 5
D) step 6

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg found that, in general, men exhibited more advanced moral reasoning, typically reaching level four, whereas women tended to score consistent with level three.

Question 3

Psychologist Carol Gilligan proposed that masculinity was defined through separation and femininity was defined through
A) justice
B) obligation
C) attachment
D) privilege

Accepted Answer

According to Carol Gilligan, masculinity is defined through separation, while femininity is defined through attachment.

Question 4

A prominent feminist approach to ethics is also known as the ethic of
A) equality
B) superiority
C) inferiority
D) care

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan's work became a foundation for what would become known as the ethic of care, of a feminist approach to ethics.

Question 5

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, only about one in six adults reaches
A) a punishment and obedience orientation
B) a good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) an emphasis on individual rights

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg found that most adolescents and adults engage in conventional moral reasoning, and fewer than one in six adults moves on to the highest stage, post-conventional reasoning (e.g., an emphasis on individual rights).

Question 6

Gwen is five years old. She believes that taking a toy away from another child is bad because when she does so, she is scolded. Gwen is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) emphasis on individual rights

Accepted Answer

Children under age seven tend to use preconventional reasoning, such as obeying rules to avoid punishments.

Question 7

Hunter is in high school. He endeavors to be honest at all times because he wants his classmates and teachers to approve of him. Hunter is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) individual principles of conscience

Accepted Answer

Most adolescents engage in preconventional moral reasoning, like conforming to avoid disapproval or dislike by others.

Question 8

Ivy is the rare adult with her own set of moral guidelines. She does not let what others think affect her moral outlook. Ivy is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) good boy/girl morality
C) naïve hedonism
D) individual principles of conscience

Accepted Answer

Fewer than one in six adults reaches postconventional reasoning and relies on their individual principles of conscience.

Question 9

What best differentiates Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development from that of Carol Gilligan?
A) the notion that moral advancement depends on how one was socialized
B) the idea that moral development happens in stages
C) the importance of justice on morality
D) the understanding of what constitutes a moral person

Accepted Answer

As one ascended through Lawrence Kohlberg's stages, he or she became less reliant on what others thought and was willing to stand alone in making moral choices. According to Carol Gilligan, this did not represent moral advancement but rather the different ways men and women were raised.

Question 10

Which of the following accurately describes the results of Carol Gilligan's research?
A) Women exhibited more advanced moral reasoning.
B) Men exhibited more advanced moral reasoning.
C) When making decisions, women tended to prioritize empathy over logic.
D) When making decisions, women tended to prioritize rewards over approval.

Accepted Answer

Carol Gilligan's work showed that women weren't morally inferior to men; they made moral decisions according to a different standard, one of care and concern for others.

Question 11

You arrive at a flooded area where four people are drowning. You can only save one person and have to choose between your sibling, a doctor, a scientist, and a bartender. If you act strictly based on the ethic of care perspective, which person will you save?
A) sibling
B) doctor
C) scientist
D) bartender

Accepted Answer

According to the feminist perspective, people who were defined through attachment will make moral decisions based on relationships.

Question 12

All of the following are similar to the ethic of care EXCEPT
A) philosophy of justice
B) deontology
C) Confucian virtue theory
D) utilitarianism

Accepted Answer

The ethic of care shares many similarities with John Rawls's views on justice, the deontological perspective's focus on protecting our basic, inalienable rights, and the Confucian ethical system's views on virtue and a strong social order.

Question 13

What is the best similarity between the ethic of care and the justice perspective?
A) the notion that everyone has inalienable rights
B) that moral outcomes involve equal opportunity
C) the idea that morally right actions involve heartfelt communications
D) the promotion of a strong social order

Accepted Answer

The moral outcome of a good society in the ethic of care mirrors the one of John Rawls's justice perspective. It is a world of equal opportunity filled with people who care about and promote the achievement, belonging, and happiness of others.

Question 14

You already know that many have criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's exclusion of women in his study. Your professor tells you that many critics have found flaws in the studies of Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan and asks you to name one. Based on your reading, which is your best response?
A) The dilemmas facing the participants were all hypothetical. People might have reacted differently if the situations were real.
B) The demographics of the participants were too diverse. Different groups may react differently depending on their socialization.
C) The participants were studied for a moment in time. Moral reasoning likely changes over a period of decades.
D) The study did not consider the behavioral effects of both nature and nurture on participants.

Accepted Answer

Both Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan presented participants with hypothetical situations and asked them to decide what was morally good and what should be the morally right action.

Question 15

Describe the differing views of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan on the development of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the differing views of Lawrence Kohlberg...

Quiz 2: Theories of Morality and Business Ethics

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg began his study of the development of moral reasoning with a group of

Faruk is an adult man who is faced occasionally with moral dilemmas. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Faruk likely has reached which step of moral reasoning?

Psychologist Carol Gilligan proposed that masculinity was defined through separation and femininity was defined through

A prominent feminist approach to ethics is also known as the ethic of

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, only about one in six adults reaches

Gwen is five years old. She believes that taking a toy away from another child is bad because when she does so, she is scolded. Gwen is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Hunter is in high school. He endeavors to be honest at all times because he wants his classmates and teachers to approve of him. Hunter is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Ivy is the rare adult with her own set of moral guidelines. She does not let what others think affect her moral outlook. Ivy is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

What best differentiates Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development from that of Carol Gilligan?

Which of the following accurately describes the results of Carol Gilligan's research?

You arrive at a flooded area where four people are drowning. You can only save one person and have to choose between your sibling, a doctor, a scientist, and a bartender. If you act strictly based on the ethic of care perspective, which person will you save?

All of the following are similar to the ethic of care EXCEPT

What is the best similarity between the ethic of care and the justice perspective?

You already know that many have criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's exclusion of women in his study. Your professor tells you that many critics have found flaws in the studies of Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan and asks you to name one. Based on your reading, which is your best response?

Describe the differing views of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan on the development of moral reasoning.