Question 1

Which one of the following restorative-justice programs enables in-kind or actual return of what has been lost?

Accepted Answer

Restitution programs are specifically designed to compensate victims by requiring offenders to return stolen property or pay for the loss or damage they have caused, thus enabling in-kind or actual return of what has been lost.

Question 2

Community conferences make it possible for ________ to meet one another to resolve issues raised by an offender's trespass.

Accepted Answer

Community conferences are designed to bring together victims, community members, and sometimes youths (if they are the offenders or are otherwise involved), to address and resolve issues stemming from an offender's actions. This inclusive approach helps in the healing and resolution process.

Question 3

Nancy Rodriguez used official juvenile court data from an urban area and found that youths who participated in a restorative justice program were less likely to ________ than juveniles in a comparison group.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice programs aim to reduce recidivism by encouraging offenders to understand the impact of their actions and make amends, which can lead to lower rates of reoffending compared to those not participating in such programs.

Question 4

________ appears to be one of the most hopeful approaches to juvenile crime, especially with minor forms of juvenile delinquency.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large. This approach has shown promise in addressing juvenile crime by promoting understanding, accountability, and healing, rather than solely focusing on punishment.

Question 5

According to conflict-oriented criminologists, ________ takes the form of unfairness in the juvenile justice system. It arises from poor youths being disproportionately represented, from female status offenders being subjected to sexist treatment, and from racial minorities being dealt with more harshly than whites.

Accepted Answer

Social injustice is identified by conflict-oriented criminologists as manifesting in the juvenile justice system through disparities based on economic status, gender, and race, leading to unfair treatment and outcomes.

Question 6

Frank Tannenbaum proposed that the less evil is dramatized, the more likely youths are to become involved in deviant careers.

Accepted Answer

Frank Tannenbaum proposed the "dramatization of evil" concept, suggesting that the more a person's actions are labeled as evil or deviant, the more likely they are to engage in a deviant career.

Question 7

A criticism of labeling theory is that it implies that labeling always increases the likelihood of subsequent rule breaking.

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory suggests that being labeled as a deviant can lead to further deviant behavior, but critics argue that it doesn't always increase rule-breaking, as individuals may reject or resist the label.

Question 8

The term "leave those kids alone"is best associated with the concept of radical nonintervention.

Accepted Answer

Radical nonintervention is a political philosophy that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy and social affairs. The term "leave those kids alone" is often used to describe this philosophy, as it suggests that the government should not interfere in the lives of individuals or businesses.

Question 9

Symbolic interactionists define the unit of analysis as the transaction that takes place in interaction between two or more individuals.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the meanings and interpretations that emerge from the interactions between individuals, making the transaction that occurs in these interactions the primary unit of analysis.

Question 10

From the interactionist perspective, racial and gender inequalities are inconsequential for law violation.

Accepted Answer

The interactionist perspective, particularly in sociology and criminology, suggests that racial and gender inequalities can significantly influence law violation by shaping societal interactions and perceptions, thus making these inequalities consequential.

Question 11

Conflict theorists focus on the importance of socioeconomic class, power and authority relationships, and group and cultural conflict.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theorists believe that society is characterized by pervasive inequality based on social class, race, gender, and other factors. They argue that this inequality leads to conflict as different groups compete for resources and power, focusing on the dynamics of power, authority, and social structure in shaping human behavior.

Question 12

Marx wrote extensively on crime, which led to the formation of conflict theory.

Accepted Answer

Marx did not write extensively on crime; however, his ideas on class struggle and societal conflict influenced later theorists who developed conflict theory, which examines how power differentials contribute to social issues, including crime.

Question 13

Marxists view the state and the law as the ultimate tools of the ownership class.

Accepted Answer

Marxists believe that the state and its legal system are instruments used by the capitalist class to maintain its dominance and control over the working class, ensuring the perpetuation of their economic interests.

Question 14

Weber did not believe that a unidimensional approach could explain social stratification.

Accepted Answer

Weber argued that social stratification cannot be fully understood through a single dimension such as economic inequality alone; instead, he proposed that class, status, and power (or party) all play critical roles in determining people's social position.

Question 15

Austin Turk theorized that social order of society is based on the relationships of cooperation and mutual respect between authorities and subjects.

Accepted Answer

Austin Turk's theory focuses on conflict and coercion in the relationships between authorities and subjects, rather than cooperation and mutual respect.

Question 16

Hagan contends that the relationship between gender and nonserious delinquency is linked to power and control.

Accepted Answer

Hagan's Power-Control Theory posits that the relationship between gender and nonserious delinquency is indeed linked to power and control dynamics within the family and society, suggesting that these dynamics influence the likelihood of delinquent behavior differently for males and females.

Question 17

An economic system in which private individuals or corporations own and control capital and in which competitive free markets control prices, production, and distribution of goods is called socialism.

Accepted Answer

This description refers to capitalism, not socialism. In socialism, the community or state typically owns and controls the means of production and distribution.

Question 18

Advocates of restorative justice argue that legal standards are sufficient to create healthy, ethical community behavior.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders. It emphasizes accountability, making amends, and if possible, reintegrating the offender into the community, rather than solely relying on legal standards to dictate behavior.

Question 19

Restorative justice processes assume value in every human being and therefore present individuals to one another in a respectful way, which draws out human dignity in everyone.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice processes focus on the value of every individual, aiming to address and repair harm by fostering a respectful dialogue and interaction that highlights and respects the dignity of all participants.

Question 20

The development of empathy requires regular feedback about how our actions affect others, relationships in which we feel valued and our worth is validated, and the experience of sympathy from others when we are in pain.

Accepted Answer

Empathy development is influenced by social interactions and emotional experiences. Regular feedback on how our actions impact others helps us understand and share their feelings. Being in relationships where we feel valued and our worth is validated fosters a safe environment for empathy to grow. Experiencing sympathy from others when we are in pain teaches us how to empathize with others in similar situations, reinforcing the emotional and cognitive components of empathy.

Quiz 5: Social Interactionist Theories of Delinquency