Question 1

The Classical School argues that ________.

Accepted Answer

The Classical School of criminology posits that punishment can deter criminal behavior if it is proportionate to the crime, emphasizing that the punishment should be just enough to outweigh the benefits of the crime, thereby deterring individuals from committing crimes. This school of thought is based on the idea that individuals have free will and make rational choices.

Question 2

Rational choice theory in criminology recently ________.

Accepted Answer

Rational choice theory has evolved to incorporate a broader understanding of rationality, recognizing that individuals' decisions are not always made through a strictly logical process but can also be influenced by emotions, social factors, and bounded rationality.

Question 3

Which of the following is True of positivism as it applies to juvenile justice?

Accepted Answer

Positivism in the context of juvenile justice emphasizes determinism over free will, suggesting that factors such as biology, psychology, and social environment influence an individual's behavior, thereby rejecting the notion that individuals always exercise freedom, possess reason, and are capable of making autonomous choices.

Question 4

A judge who imposes a strict sentence upon a criminal in hopes that other criminals who hear about it will choose not to commit a similar crime has exercised what type of deterrence?

Accepted Answer

General deterrence aims to discourage the general public from committing crimes by making an example out of someone who is punished.

Question 5

Positivist reformers, feeling confident they knew how to find its cause, set out to deal with the problem of delinquency and looked at which of the following factors?

Accepted Answer

Positivist reformers believed in the power of science to understand and solve social problems, including delinquency. They focused on environmental, biological, and psychological factors as key determinants of individual behavior, aiming to identify and address the root causes of delinquent actions.

Question 6

If you were to predict inner qualities from people's physical appearance, you would be a proponent of which of the following studies?

Accepted Answer

Physiognomy is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance, especially the face.

Question 7

Which of the following would best describe the positivist approach?

Accepted Answer

The positivist approach in criminology suggests that human behavior is determined by factors beyond individual control and that it can be studied scientifically. This approach implies that by understanding these factors, human behavior, including criminal behavior, can be modified or controlled, aligning with option B.

Question 8

Which of the following theories posits that individuals do NOT exercise freedom when committing criminal or delinquent acts?

Accepted Answer

The deterministic view posits that individuals do not exercise freedom when committing criminal or delinquent acts, as their behavior is determined by factors beyond their control, such as genetics, environment, and social conditions.

Question 9

One of the flaws in Wilson's and Herrnstein's approach is ________.

Accepted Answer

Wilson's and Herrnstein's approach basically rejects the complex mechanisms of society as contributing to delinquency.

Question 10

A 10-year-old's inability to control sexual and aggressive drives would be best explained by which theory?

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytical theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, posits that individuals have unconscious drives and impulses, including sexual and aggressive drives, that can influence their behavior. According to this theory, a 10-year-old's inability to control these drives would be attributed to the id component of personality, which is the source of these drives and operates based on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. Psychoanalytical theory emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind in shaping behavior and personality.

Question 11

Each of these psychologists took the insights of psychoanalysis and applied them to the situations of delinquents, EXCEPT for whom?

Accepted Answer

Marcus Felson is known for his work on routine activity theory in the field of criminology, which is distinct from the psychoanalytic approach applied to delinquents by the other psychologists listed.

Question 12

If you believed that the motivation to become involved in criminal activities is intrinsic in lower-class culture, you would be a proponent of which theory?

Accepted Answer

The cultural deviance theory suggests that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society leads to behavior that is perceived as deviant by the mainstream society. This theory posits that the motivation for criminal behavior is intrinsic in the values and norms of lower-class culture.

Question 13

Which theory helps explain why a young male with tattoos and body piercings that is stopped often by police because of his appearance might turn to crime?

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory (choice D, though misspelled as "kabeling") suggests that individuals may turn to crime if they are repeatedly labeled as criminals, leading them to conform to these expectations. In this scenario, the young male might internalize the criminal label due to frequent police stops based on his appearance, potentially leading him to engage in criminal behavior.

Question 14

Which of the following refers to theories that examine the interactions between people and their environments?

Accepted Answer

Social process theories focus on how individuals interact with their social environments and how these interactions shape behavior and social development. These theories emphasize the importance of socialization and the influence of peers, families, and communities on behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following fields have linked environmental and genetic factors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following fields have linked...

Question 16

Sociobiology has looked to neuropsychological factors in relation to ________.

Accepted Answer

Sociobiology has looked to neuropsychological factors in relation to temperament and negative behavior.

Question 17

Which of the following paths would Moffitt argue is how delinquency proceeds?

Accepted Answer

Moffitt's dual taxonomy theory distinguishes between two main types of offenders: those who begin offending early and continue throughout life (early-onset, persistent offenders) and those whose offending is limited to the adolescent period (adolescence-limited offenders).

Question 18

Which theory's initial impetus toward delinquency comes from a weakening of the person's bond to conventional society?

Accepted Answer

Thornberry's interactional theory posits that delinquency begins with a weakening of the individual's bond to society, which then leads to an increase in delinquent behavior. This theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions and relationships in influencing delinquency.

Question 19

What do longitudinal studies about delinquent careers usually reveal?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies about delinquent careers often reveal that these careers differ by gender, with males and females exhibiting different patterns and trajectories in their involvement in delinquency.

Question 20

Which of the following studies would work best for Life Course Criminology?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies are most suitable for Life Course Criminology because they track individuals or groups over time, allowing researchers to observe how life events, personal characteristics, and social environments influence the development of criminal behavior throughout a person's life.

Quiz 3: Causes of Juvenile Crime