Question 1

Researchers have employed a mirror-and-rouge technique to determine at what age children have a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness is knowledge of oneself and a sense of one's physical presence. In young children, a small amount of rouge is placed on the child's nose and then the child is put in front of a mirror. If the child has some sense of his own physical self, he will touch his nose. This is evidence of the presence of self-awareness.

Question 2

As 14-month-old Timothy walked across his yard, a dog suddenly knocked him over. Timothy immediately looked to the adults sitting nearby to assess their reaction to this incident. Timothy is using __________ to gain an understanding of this surprise encounter.

Accepted Answer

Timothy is using social referencing, the intentional search for information about the feelings of others to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events. Timothy will react to the experience with the dog according to the meaning he ascribes to the reactions of the adults.

Question 3

When Coco wants more juice, she realizes that if she asks her father, he can provide her with more. This simple request is evidence that Coco knows something about thinking and about how others think and can influence behavior. This knowledge is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind is knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior. A child uses theory of mind to explain how others think.

Question 4

Research on stranger anxiety suggests that __________.

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety, the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person, is commonly experienced after 6 months of age. Infants tend to be least anxious with other children and less with female adults. Stranger anxiety may be alleviated if the infant is frequently exposed to unfamiliar faces.

Question 5

One of the most important connections that an infant can make is the positive emotional bond that develops between the infant and a particular individual. This is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Attachment is the positive emotional bond that develops between an infant and a particular individual.

Question 6

Harry Harlow conducted research with monkeys and a surrogate who was either a wire "mother" that provided food or a terry cloth "mother" that provided no nourishment. Harlow discovered that the monkeys spent the most time __________.

Accepted Answer

Harlow discovered that the monkeys spent most of their time cuddling with the terry cloth mother. This discovery suggests that attachment was not linked only to the satisfaction of physiological needs as earlier suggested by Freud and others.

Question 7

During the end of infancy, children are testing the boundaries. When encouraged to explore those boundaries, they should successfully achieve which stage of Erikson's theory?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development's second stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt. The fact that the child is trying to gain some independence from the parent, and is willing to explore the environment, suggests that the period would be this second stage.

Question 8

Adults view the behavior of an infant named John as adventurous, but the same behavior in an infant named Mary is seen as fearful. Adults are interpreting the child's action through the lens of __________, which is through the lens of the sense of being male or female.

Accepted Answer

When researchers showed adults a video of an infant whose name was given as either John or Mary, adults perceived John as adventurous and inquisitive and Mary as fearful and anxious, even though it was the same baby performing a single set of behaviors. Adults view the behavior of children through the lens of gender. Gender represents the sense of being male or female.

Question 9

Basic facial expressions are __________ across cultures.

Accepted Answer

The basic facial expressions are remarkably similar across the most diverse cultures.

Question 10

Although infants display similar kinds of emotions, the degree of emotional expression varies between different infants and across different __________.

Accepted Answer

Infants in different cultures show reliable differences in emotional expressiveness.

Question 11

The first emotions to emerge are __________.

Accepted Answer

Research on infant emotion has found that interest, distress, and disgust are emotions that are present at birth.

Question 12

As infants and children grow older, their basic expressions of emotions __________.

Accepted Answer

As children grow older, they expand and modify the basic emotional expressions and become more adept at controlling their nonverbal behavioral experiences.

Question 13

Smiling in response to other individuals is considered a __________.

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a smile in response to another individual.

Question 14

Babies begin to smile at the sight of stimuli that please them between __________ and __________ weeks.

Accepted Answer

By 6 to 9 weeks, babies begin to smile reliably at the sight of stimuli that please them, including toys, mobiles, and people.

Question 15

By 18 months, babies' social smiles are evoked most often by the sight of __________.

Accepted Answer

As babies get older, social smiles become directed toward particular individuals, specifically mothers and other caregivers.

Question 16

As 2-year-old Brianna passes a mirror, she notices that she has a milk moustache and quickly uses her sleeve to wipe it off. It is clear that Brianna knows that it is herself in the mirror. This knowledge of oneself is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Brianna's awareness of her physical characteristics, through the recognition of her image in the mirror, is evidence of self-awareness.

Question 17

The mirror-and-rouge task is used to determine whether a child has knowledge of his/her physical characteristics. This knowledge is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Knowledge of one's physical characteristics is evidence of awareness of oneself, or self-awareness.

Question 18

As Pete teeters about the room, he suddenly plops to the floor. Instantly, he looks to the adults in the room before emotionally responding. Pete is using __________ to determine the feelings of the adults.

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events.

Question 19

Twelve-month-old Zachary is learning to walk. Each time he topples over, he looks to see his mother's reaction. If her expression is one of alarm, he cries, and if her expression is one of happiness, he smiles. Zachary's search for information about his mother's feeling is known as social __________.

Accepted Answer