Question 1

Female infants are devalued in many cultures throughout the world.

Accepted Answer

In many cultures, there is a preference for male children due to social, economic, and cultural factors, leading to the devaluation of female infants.

Question 2

Research indicates that boys receive harsher penalties for cross-gendered behavior than do girls.

Accepted Answer

Research in gender studies and psychology has shown that societal norms often impose stricter expectations on boys to conform to traditional masculine behaviors, leading to harsher penalties for boys who exhibit behaviors associated with femininity.

Question 3

A criticism of cognitive developmental theory is that the theory does not put enough emphasis on the role of culture in gender socialization.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive developmental theory, primarily associated with Jean Piaget, focuses on the stages of cognitive development and does not extensively address the influence of cultural factors on gender socialization.

Question 4

Research has found that parents communicate the same with sons and daughters.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that parents often communicate differently with sons and daughters, influenced by societal norms and expectations regarding gender roles.

Question 5

Studies indicate that children reared in gay and lesbian families are dramatically different in their gender-role behavior than children reared in heterosexual families.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that children raised in gay and lesbian families do not exhibit significant differences in gender-role behavior compared to those raised in heterosexual families.

Question 6

According to Bem, the lens of gender polarization is incorporated into the socialization process from birth.

Accepted Answer

Bem's theory suggests that gender polarization is ingrained in societal norms and influences individuals from birth, shaping their understanding of gender roles.

Question 7

Mothers provide more stereotyped descriptions of their newborns than fathers do.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mothers provide more stereotyped descriptions of their...

Question 8

According to the authors of your text, clothing does not play a significant role in gender socialization. Page 83

Accepted Answer

Clothing often plays a significant role in gender socialization by reinforcing societal norms and expectations related to gender identity and expression.

Question 9

There has been no improvement in the number of female characters in preschoolers' books since 1972, when Lenore Weitzman did her research on this topic.

Accepted Answer

There has been progress in increasing the representation of female characters in children's literature since 1972, although disparities still exist.

Question 10

Gender-neutral books have solved the problem of sexism in literature by allowing individual readers to label the characters as they choose.

Accepted Answer

Gender-neutral books are a step towards inclusivity, but they have not completely solved the problem of sexism in literature, as biases and stereotypes can still persist in narratives and interpretations.

Question 11

Research shows that preschoolers disapprove of gender-"inappropriate"
behavior by their peers more than adults.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that preschoolers often have rigid views on gender roles and may be more likely to disapprove of peers who do not conform to traditional gender expectations compared to adults, who generally have more flexible views on gender roles.

Question 12

Explain identification theory and how it could be construed as "sexist."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain identification theory and how it could...

Question 13

Social learning theory involves both imitation and reinforcement. Explain these two principles. What are the strengths and weaknesses of social learning theory as an explanation for gender acquisition?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social learning theory involves both imitation and...

Question 14

What is cognitive developmental theory? Discuss its strengths and weaknesses as a theory of gender acquisition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is cognitive developmental theory? Discuss its...

Question 15

Bem argues that gender acquisition involves the enculturation of three specific lenses. What are these lenses? Specifically, how do they each contribute to gender acquisition? What role do metamessages play in this process?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bem argues that gender acquisition involves the...

Question 16

Discuss how children's environments play a role in gender socialization.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how children's environments play a role...

Question 17

Is nonsexist socialization possible? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Is nonsexist socialization possible? Why or why...

Question 18

Sex is a very useful schema in children. Explain why and how sex is categorically used in young children.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sex is a very useful schema in...

Question 19

Compare and contrast the gender attitudes of lesbian parents to heterosexual parents. Cite research to support your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the gender attitudes of...

Question 20

Discuss how birth order affects gender attitudes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how birth order affects gender attitudes....

Quiz 4: Early Childhood Gender Socialization