Question 1

Suppose that Karl is having trouble with his new computer. In trying to explain the cause of his problem, which question deals with consistency rather than with distinctiveness or consensus?

Accepted Answer

Consistency refers to whether the behavior occurs repeatedly over time. Option B asks if Karl usually has trouble with his computer, which addresses the consistency of the issue.

Question 2

Overattribution to dispositions and underattribution to situations is called

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging others' behavior.

Question 3

Jones and Harris (1967) had students read debaters' speeches either supporting or attacking Cuban leader Fidel Castro. When the students were later told that the debater's position had been assigned, they

Accepted Answer

The study by Jones and Harris demonstrated the fundamental attribution error, where people tend to attribute others' behaviors to their dispositions rather than situational factors. Despite knowing the position was assigned, students still believed the speech reflected the speaker's true feelings.

Question 4

According to one explanation for the fundamental attribution error, we may be most likely to make the error when

Accepted Answer

When we are cognitively busy, we have limited mental resources to consider situational factors, leading us to attribute behavior to personal traits instead.

Question 5

We tend to infer dispositional causes for others' behavior, and we infer situational causes for our own behavior. This is known as

Accepted Answer

The actor-observer bias is the tendency to attribute our own actions to situational factors while attributing others' actions to dispositional factors.

Question 6

Which statement about the actor-observer bias is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

The actor-observer bias typically involves attributing one's own negative behaviors to situational factors, while attributing others' negative behaviors to dispositional factors. Therefore, statement B is not true as it suggests the opposite.

Question 7

A student who says, "I study about two hours a night, which is probably about the same as most college students,"May be demonstrating the

Accepted Answer

The false consensus effect is when people overestimate how much others share their beliefs or behaviors, as the student assumes their study habits are typical among peers.

Question 8

Attitudes and opinions show ________, whereas one's own highly valued skills and abilities tend to show ________.

Accepted Answer

The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate how much others share our attitudes and opinions, while the false uniqueness effect is the tendency to underestimate how common our highly valued skills and abilities are.

Question 9

When Paula wins a tennis match she assumes that she is the better player. When she loses, she blames it on the weather or on the poorly maintained courts. Paula demonstrates the

Accepted Answer

Paula is demonstrating the self-serving attributional bias, where she attributes her successes to internal factors (being a better player) and her failures to external factors (weather or court conditions).

Question 10

About which characteristic are perceivers most likely to achieve consensus?

Accepted Answer

The answer of About which characteristic are perceivers most likely...

Question 11

Darwin argued that universal expressions of emotion evolved because

Accepted Answer

Darwin believed that the ability to communicate emotions accurately through universal expressions increased an individual's chance of survival by facilitating better understanding and cooperation among people.

Question 12

Research has shown that lowered brow facial expressions are most associated with

Accepted Answer

Lowered brow facial expressions are most commonly associated with dominance, as they can convey assertiveness or aggression.

Question 13

According to research on the recognition of emotions, which emotion would be most difficult to distinguish from happiness?

Accepted Answer

Surprise can sometimes be confused with happiness because both emotions can involve raised eyebrows and wide eyes, making them visually similar in facial expressions.

Question 14

Which is NOT one of the three main channels through which people communicate?

Accepted Answer

Territorial markers are not considered one of the main channels of communication, which typically include verbal communication, paralanguage, and visible nonverbal cues.

Question 15

In general, research has shown that the more ________ a person feels toward another, the ________ he or she will stand.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that people tend to stand closer to those they feel intimate with, as physical proximity is often associated with feelings of closeness and comfort.

Question 16

Which factor influences the meaning of gestures?

Accepted Answer

The meaning of gestures can be influenced by culture, social context, and the individual making the gesture, as these factors can alter interpretation and significance.

Question 17

Bavelas and colleagues (1986) had research participants observe a confederate get injured. When the confederate made eye contact with the participants, the participants expressed more _____ than when the confederate made no eye contact.

Accepted Answer

Eye contact often increases feelings of empathy, as it creates a more personal and connected interaction, making observers more likely to feel concern for the injured confederate.

Question 18

"Paralanguage"s important in forming and maintaining impressions. This term refers to

Accepted Answer

Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion, such as tone, pitch, and speed of speaking, rather than the actual words spoken.

Question 19

Research on the relative influence of the three channels of communication shows that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on the relative influence of the...

Question 20

Nonverbal leakage refers to

Accepted Answer

Nonverbal leakage refers to the phenomenon where a person's true emotions are revealed through their nonverbal behavior, even when they are trying to hide or mask those emotions.

Quiz 2: Person Perception