Question 1

All of the following are classical conditioning procedures that will produce only weak conditioning of the CR, EXCEPT
A) too short a delay between the CS and the UCS.
B) too long a delay between the CS and the UCS.
C) a weak form of the UCS.
D) a UCS that is sometime strong and sometimes weak
E) an intense form of the UCS.

Accepted Answer

An intense form of the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) typically produces stronger conditioning of the Conditioned Response (CR), as it is more likely to be noticed and associated with the Conditioned Stimulus (CS). Weak conditioning is more often a result of factors like too long a delay between the CS and the UCS, a weak form of the UCS, or inconsistency in the strength of the UCS, rather than an intense form of the UCS.

Question 2

Five stimuli are present in a room during a classical conditioning experiment:(1) a tone, which sounds sometimes before the UCS is presented;(2) a bell, which sounds regularly during the experiment;(3) a light, which flickers just before every presentation of the UCS;(4) a beeper, which sounds just after each UCS presentation; and(5) a buzzer, which sounds sometimes after each UCS presentation.Which of these stimuli will most likely come to reliably elicit the CR?
A) the tone
B) the bell
C) the light
D) the beeper
E) the buzzer

Accepted Answer

The light, which flickers just before every presentation of the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), will most likely come to reliably elicit the Conditioned Response (CR) due to its consistent temporal proximity to the UCS, a key factor in classical conditioning.

Question 3

In classical conditioning, extinction means that the CS
A) is predictive of the occurrence of the CR.
B) elicits responses to similar, but not identical, CSs.
C) no longer predicts the occurrence of the UCS.
D) no longer predicts the occurrence of the UCR.
E) is predictive of the occurrence of the UCS.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), leading to a decrease in the conditioned response (CR).

Question 4

The cat used to start to purr whenever your family were setting the table for their meal. But since your family decided that you would not give the cat any treats from the table, she has stopped purring. This is an example of
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) generalization
C) discrimination.
D) conditional emotional response.
E) extinction.

Accepted Answer

The cat's behavior of purring in anticipation of treats ceased when the treats were no longer given, demonstrating extinction. Extinction occurs when a conditioned response diminishes or disappears after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, this leads to
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) conditional emotional response.
E) extinction.

Accepted Answer

When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), it leads to extinction, which is the process where the conditioned response gradually diminishes or disappears.

Question 6

The reappearance of the CR in the next experimental session following a period of extinction is termed
A) generalization.
B) classical conditioning.
C) discrimination.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) habituation.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the phenomenon where a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) reemerges after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus. This can happen after a rest period, indicating that the extinction process suppresses the CR rather than completely eradicating the learned association.

Question 7

Spontaneous recovery is said to occur when a
A) previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after an interval of time has passed.
B) CR is elicited by a stimulus similar to the one used during acquisition training.
C) CR is elicited by one CS but not other (neutral) stimuli.
D) UCR is no longer elicited by the UCS.
E) CR is no longer elicited by the CS but only by the UCS.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the phenomenon where a conditioned response (CR) that had been extinguished reappears after a period of time without any new conditioning sessions.

Question 8

After a rest period following extinction, a CR will often reappear. This phenomenon is called
A) acquisition.
B) reacquisition.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) reemergence.
E) extinction.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response (CR) after a period of rest following its extinction. This phenomenon demonstrates that the extinction process suppresses the CR rather than completely eradicating the learned association.

Question 9

__________ is said to occur when CRs are elicited by stimuli that resemble the CS used during training.
A) Extinction
B) Generalization
C) Spontaneous Recovery
D) Discrimination
E) Habituation

Accepted Answer

Generalization occurs when conditioned responses (CRs) are elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) used during training, indicating that the organism is responding to the similarities among the stimuli.

Question 10

Since your dog died you have found tears come into your eyes every time you hear the song "I love that dog"which was always a favourite. But what really surprises you, is that you find tears in your eyes now when any song mentions dogs. In classical conditioning terms this is an example of
A) generalization.
B) a conditional emotional response.
C) discrimination.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) habituation.

Accepted Answer

Generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. In this case, the emotional response (tears) is triggered not only by the specific song but by any song mentioning dogs.

Question 11

Leslie was in a car accident during a rain storm. Now whenever she must drive during the rain, even when it is only a sprinkle, she gets nervous. This response is likely due to
A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) extinction.
E) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Leslie's nervousness when driving in the rain, regardless of the intensity, is an example of generalization. This occurs when a conditioned response (nervousness) is triggered by stimuli (rain) that are similar to the original conditioning stimulus (the car accident in the rain). She has generalized her fear response from the specific incident to all instances of driving in the rain.

Question 12

In classical conditioning, generalization of a response will be greatest to stimuli that
A) most closely resemble the original CS.
B) are the most different from the original CS.
C) occur shortly following the CS.
D) have the greatest resemblance to the UCR.
E) have the least resemblance to the UCR.

Accepted Answer

Generalization in classical conditioning occurs when a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (CS). The greater the resemblance to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of generalization.

Question 13

The appearance of the CR when one CS is presented but not when another stimulus is presented is called
A) extinction.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) discrimination.
E) dissociation.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination in conditioning occurs when an organism learns to respond to one stimulus but not to another, indicating it can distinguish between the two.

Question 14

Sam bought a new TV. At first, every time a phone rang on the TV Sam got up thinking it was his phone. However, within a couple of weeks this didn't happen at all because he had been through the classical conditioning process of
A) habituation.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) discrimination.
E) dissociation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sam bought a new TV. At first,...

Question 15

In classical conditioning, a procedure that involves training responses to one stimulus but not to others, even if they closely resemble the original CS, is called
A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) extinction.
E) acquisition.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination in classical conditioning refers to the process where an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli based on their differences, even if they are similar to the conditioned stimulus. This is in contrast to generalization, where the organism responds similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Not reacting to the door when the phone rings (but reacting to the phone) and not reacting to the phone when the door bell rings (but reacting to the door bell) are examples of
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) generalization.
C) extinction.
D) discrimination.
E) acquisition.

Accepted Answer

This behavior exemplifies discrimination, which occurs when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli based on their specific characteristics. In this case, the organism discriminates between the sound of the phone ringing and the doorbell, reacting appropriately to each.

Question 17

Several years ago you were bitten by a friend's dog. Since then you have been afraid of dogs and other animals that resemble dogs. Your reaction is an example of a(n)
A) innate fear of animals that most people have.
B) classically conditioned emotional response.
C) irrational fear of pain.
D) vivid memory of the dog's attack.
E) operantly conditioned fear of pain.

Accepted Answer

This reaction is an example of a classically conditioned emotional response, where the bite from the dog has become associated with fear, leading to a generalized fear of dogs and similar animals.

Question 18

The finding that people's ratings of photographs was affected by associating the photographs with pleasant or unpleasant odours suggests that
A) people's likes and dislikes are innately conditioned.
B) some emotions are irrational.
C) preferences for others may involve classical conditioning.
D) people's fears of others are based on their smell.
E) our odour detection systems are more powerful than we had realized.

Accepted Answer

The association of photographs with pleasant or unpleasant odours affecting people's ratings suggests that preferences can be influenced by classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (photograph) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (odour) to elicit a conditioned response (rating).

Question 19

Phobias may be acquired by
A) associating an object with fear or pain early in life.
B) associating a negative CS with a positive UCS.
C) excessive punishment for voicing one's fears.
D) being deprived of an object that one truly desires.
E) failing to associate a CS with a UCS.

Accepted Answer

Phobias can develop through classical conditioning, where an object (conditioned stimulus) is associated with fear or pain (unconditioned stimulus) early in life, leading to a conditioned fear response.

Question 20

A child with a parent who has a phobia of heights may also develop a similar phobia by
A) being punished for climbing a ladder.
B) observing the phobia in the parent.
C) being kept away from high places.
D) being rewarded for not seeking out high places.
E) inheriting a closed genetic program.

Accepted Answer

Observing the phobia in a parent can lead to a child developing a similar phobia through a process known as social learning or modeling, where the child learns and internalizes behaviors by watching others, especially significant figures like parents.

Quiz 7: Learning and Behaviour

All of the following are classical conditioning procedures that will produce only weak conditioning of the CR, EXCEPT

In classical conditioning, extinction means that the CS

The cat used to start to purr whenever your family were setting the table for their meal. But since your family decided that you would not give the cat any treats from the table, she has stopped purring. This is an example of

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, this leads to

The reappearance of the CR in the next experimental session following a period of extinction is termed

Spontaneous recovery is said to occur when a

After a rest period following extinction, a CR will often reappear. This phenomenon is called

__________ is said to occur when CRs are elicited by stimuli that resemble the CS used during training.

Since your dog died you have found tears come into your eyes every time you hear the song "I love that dog"which was always a favourite. But what really surprises you, is that you find tears in your eyes now when any song mentions dogs. In classical conditioning terms this is an example of

Leslie was in a car accident during a rain storm. Now whenever she must drive during the rain, even when it is only a sprinkle, she gets nervous. This response is likely due to

In classical conditioning, generalization of a response will be greatest to stimuli that

The appearance of the CR when one CS is presented but not when another stimulus is presented is called

Sam bought a new TV. At first, every time a phone rang on the TV Sam got up thinking it was his phone. However, within a couple of weeks this didn't happen at all because he had been through the classical conditioning process of

In classical conditioning, a procedure that involves training responses to one stimulus but not to others, even if they closely resemble the original CS, is called

Not reacting to the door when the phone rings (but reacting to the phone) and not reacting to the phone when the door bell rings (but reacting to the door bell) are examples of

Several years ago you were bitten by a friend's dog. Since then you have been afraid of dogs and other animals that resemble dogs. Your reaction is an example of a(n)

The finding that people's ratings of photographs was affected by associating the photographs with pleasant or unpleasant odours suggests that

Phobias may be acquired by

A child with a parent who has a phobia of heights may also develop a similar phobia by