When he arrives to take the test for a driver's license, a new driver feels very confident. He remembers that he got everything right on a practice test and that his mother has told him he will do fine. In this example, all of the following factors have contributed to his self-efficacy judgment EXCEPT for

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Vicarious experience refers to learning through the observation of others' experiences and outcomes, not through one's own direct experiences or accomplishments. In this scenario, the new driver's confidence is boosted by his own success on a practice test (actual accomplishments) and encouragement from his mother (persuasion), but there is no mention of him learning through observing someone else's experiences, which would constitute vicarious experience.  He has not been influenced by the performance of others on the driver's test.

When He Arrives to Take the Test for a Driver's