All of the following are primary reinforcers EXCEPT

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Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers are stimuli that satisfy basic survival needs and do not require learning to be effective. Food, water, and sleep directly address physiological needs and are thus primary reinforcers. Money, however, is a secondary or conditioned reinforcer, as its value and the ability to satisfy needs through it must be learned.  Primary reinforcers have reinforcing properties that are biologically determined. Money is a neutral stimulus that has become associated with primary reinforcers. It is a conditioned reinforcer.

All of the Following Are Primary Reinforcers EXCEPT