Question 1

White-collar crime and corporate crime are best explained by which sociological theory?
A) functionalist theory
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) strain theory

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory explains white-collar and corporate crime as it focuses on power disparities and how those in power use their position to exploit others, often leading to such crimes.

Question 2

Which theoretical perspective argues that power determines who controls the society and what acts will be criminalized?
A) symbolic interaction theory
B) functionalist theory
C) conflict theory
D) strain theory

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory argues that power dynamics in society determine who controls resources and institutions, including the legal system, and thus influence what behaviors are criminalized.

Question 3

The statement "power determines privilege" best illustrates which perspective?
A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) symbolic interaction perspective
D) strain theory

Accepted Answer

The conflict perspective focuses on the role of power and inequality in society. It argues that power is the ability to control others and that those with power use it to maintain their privilege and advantage. The statement "power determines privilege" is a clear example of this perspective.

Question 4

Reformers across the country have been advocating to end the money bail system, arguing that it discriminates against the poor, ruins innocent people's lives, fuels mass incarceration, and contributes to wrongful convictions. This movement can be explained by which sociological theory?
A) functionalist theory
B) labeling theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory explains the movement to end the money bail system as it highlights the inequalities and power imbalances in society, focusing on how the system disproportionately affects the poor and marginalized groups.

Question 5

According to __________, deviance and crime are produced by the processes of social interaction and the attachment of meaning to behavior.
A) the functional perspective
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) strain theory

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interaction theory focuses on how individuals interpret and give meaning to social interactions, which can lead to deviance and crime through the labeling process and the meanings attached to behaviors.

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct explanation of primary and secondary deviance?
A) Primary deviance consists of normative violations that do not produce a deviant self-identity; secondary deviance consists of normative violations and a corresponding deviant identity initiated by primary deviance.
B) Primary deviance consists of normative violations and a corresponding deviant identity; secondary deviance consists of normative violations that do not produce a deviant self-identity.
C) Primary deviance is the process of defining individuals as deviant; secondary deviance is an implication that a person is morally unworthy of respect, disreputable, and dangerous.
D) Primary deviance is an implication that a person is morally unworthy of respect, disreputable, and dangerous; secondary deviance is the process of defining individuals as deviant.

Accepted Answer

Primary deviance refers to minor norm violations that do not affect an individual's self-concept, while secondary deviance occurs when a person begins to adopt a deviant identity due to societal reactions to their primary deviance.

Question 7

When Brock's friends learn that he once served time in prison for dealing drugs, they are shocked and appalled that they have been deceived by him for so long. This is an example of which sociological concept?
A) labeling
B) stigma
C) self-labeling
D) primary deviance

Accepted Answer

Stigma refers to the disapproval and discrimination that someone faces when their past actions or characteristics become known, leading to a negative perception by others.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of secondary deviance?
A) Keiko has been having trouble sleeping. She decides to try her friend's sleeping pills.
B) Jeff and his friends drink occasionally at parties.
C) Tommy has been sneaking cash out of his mom's purse for years, and now he has started taking money from his job as a cashier.
D) Megan's son took a piece of candy from the checkout line at the grocery store, but the store did not call the police.

Accepted Answer

Secondary deviance refers to deviant behavior that results from a person being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as part of their identity. Tommy's continued and escalating theft indicates he has accepted this deviant behavior as part of his identity.

Question 9

__________ is the process of defining individuals as deviant.
A) Primary deviance
B) Secondary deviance
C) Labeling
D) Stigma

Accepted Answer

Labeling is the process of defining individuals as deviant, as it involves assigning a label to someone based on their behavior or characteristics.

Question 10

__________ refers to the implication that a person is morally unworthy of respect, disreputable, and possibly dangerous.
A) Primary deviance
B) Secondary deviance
C) Labeling
D) Stigma

Accepted Answer

Stigma refers to the negative perception and discrimination against someone based on a characteristic or behavior that is deemed socially unacceptable or disreputable.

Question 11

Research by Clifford Shaw and associates found that deviance can be part of a neighborhood's culture and influence people to commit deviant or criminal behavior. This finding supports which theory?
A) differential association theory
B) cultural transmission theory
C) structural functional theory
D) conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Cultural transmission theory suggests that deviance is learned through cultural norms and values within a community, which aligns with Shaw's findings on neighborhood influence.

Question 12

People learn criminal and deviant attitudes, values, and skills by close interaction with people who already have those attributes. This is the underlying concept of which sociological theory?
A) differential association theory
B) cultural transmission theory
C) structural functional theory
D) conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory posits that individuals learn deviant behavior from those they associate with, emphasizing the role of social interactions in the development of criminal behavior.

Question 13

Parents often tell their children not to hang around certain groups of people because they fear their influence will change their child. This fear is derived from which theory?
A) general strain theory
B) differential association theory
C) structural functional theory
D) conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory suggests that individuals learn values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior through their interactions with others. Parents fear that negative influences from certain groups could lead their children to adopt undesirable behaviors.

Question 14

The question "Why do some people not become criminals?" can best be explained by which of the following concepts?
A) differential association
B) moral boundaries
C) self-labeling
D) social bonds

Accepted Answer

Social bonds theory suggests that strong connections to family, school, and community can prevent individuals from engaging in criminal behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following bonds links an individual to the social, emotional, and mental investment people make in conventional behavior?
A) commitment
B) attachment
C) involvement
D) belief

Accepted Answer

Commitment refers to the bond that links an individual to the social, emotional, and mental investment in conventional behavior, as it involves the personal stakes one has in conforming to societal norms and expectations.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true regarding social class and crime?
A) People with higher social standing bear a greater burden of crime victimization than do people with lower social standing.
B) Middle-class people tend to commit crimes such as robbery, theft, and assault.
C) Working-class crimes that involve physical force are often committed in public and reported to the police. More reporting makes it seem as if this group commits more crimes.
D) Embezzlement and fraud are committed equally by working-class, middle-class, and upper-class groups.

Accepted Answer

Working-class crimes involving physical force are more visible and often reported, leading to a perception that this group commits more crimes.

Question 17

If the broader society labels racial/ethnic minorities as crime-prone, then those groups will disproportionately appear in crime statistics. This statement reflects which sociological theory?
A) conflict theory
B) functionalism
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) general strain theory

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the meanings and labels that society assigns to individuals or groups, which can influence behavior and perceptions, leading to self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is false regarding crime and race/ethnicity?
A) Racial/ethnic minorities are arrested at higher rates than their numbers in the population would predict.
B) Hispanics are arrested roughly in proportion to their population size.
C) Racial/ethnic minorities claim they attract an unfair amount of attention from police.
D) The NYPD's "stop and frisk" policy had a 90 percent success rate in capturing would-be criminals.

Accepted Answer

The NYPD's "stop and frisk" policy was criticized for its low success rate and for disproportionately targeting racial/ethnic minorities, with a success rate far below 90 percent.

Question 19

The term __________ is defined as a body of false beliefs about the nature of sexual assault for victims and perpetrators.
A) rape fantasies
B) rape myths
C) sexual innuendo
D) campus rape

Accepted Answer

Rape myths are false beliefs about the nature of sexual assault for victims and perpetrators.

Question 20

__________ in 10 college women report being sexually assaulted by their senior year.
A) Two
B) Four
C) Six
D) Eight

Accepted Answer

According to studies and surveys, approximately four in 10 college women report being sexually assaulted by their senior year.

Quiz 12: Deviance, Crime, and the Administration of Justice

White-collar crime and corporate crime are best explained by which sociological theory?

Which theoretical perspective argues that power determines who controls the society and what acts will be criminalized?

The statement "power determines privilege" best illustrates which perspective?

Reformers across the country have been advocating to end the money bail system, arguing that it discriminates against the poor, ruins innocent people's lives, fuels mass incarceration, and contributes to wrongful convictions. This movement can be explained by which sociological theory?

According to __________, deviance and crime are produced by the processes of social interaction and the attachment of meaning to behavior.

Which of the following is the correct explanation of primary and secondary deviance?

When Brock's friends learn that he once served time in prison for dealing drugs, they are shocked and appalled that they have been deceived by him for so long. This is an example of which sociological concept?

Which of the following is an example of secondary deviance?

__________ is the process of defining individuals as deviant.

__________ refers to the implication that a person is morally unworthy of respect, disreputable, and possibly dangerous.

Research by Clifford Shaw and associates found that deviance can be part of a neighborhood's culture and influence people to commit deviant or criminal behavior. This finding supports which theory?

People learn criminal and deviant attitudes, values, and skills by close interaction with people who already have those attributes. This is the underlying concept of which sociological theory?

Parents often tell their children not to hang around certain groups of people because they fear their influence will change their child. This fear is derived from which theory?

The question "Why do some people not become criminals?" can best be explained by which of the following concepts?

Which of the following bonds links an individual to the social, emotional, and mental investment people make in conventional behavior?

Which of the following statements is true regarding social class and crime?

If the broader society labels racial/ethnic minorities as crime-prone, then those groups will disproportionately appear in crime statistics. This statement reflects which sociological theory?

Which of the following statements is false regarding crime and race/ethnicity?

The term __________ is defined as a body of false beliefs about the nature of sexual assault for victims and perpetrators.

__________ in 10 college women report being sexually assaulted by their senior year.