Question 1

To clear the land for agriculture, Indonesian farmers freely burn the rain forests. As a result, eventually there will be no more forests. This is an example of which of the following concepts?

Accepted Answer

The "tragedy of the commons" refers to a situation where individuals, acting in their own self-interest, deplete a shared resource, leading to its eventual destruction, as seen with the burning of rainforests for agriculture.

Question 2

The ideology of __________, a fairly recent development, emphasizes the importance of political power and asserts that all forms of inequality (such as racism and elitism) are linked and that correcting one form requires correcting all forms.

Accepted Answer

Ecofeminism is an ideology that links environmentalism and feminism, asserting that all forms of inequality are interconnected and must be addressed collectively.

Question 3

Marine biologist Rachel Carson's research on the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides and herbicides was fairly controversial in the 1960s. However, her 1962 book Silent Spring was instrumental in the establishment of what federal agency?

Accepted Answer

Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" raised public awareness about environmental issues and led to the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 to regulate and ensure environmental protection.

Question 4

__________ is the theory that in industrial, capitalist societies, the drive for profits requires an ever-expanding creation of goods and services that consume
Environmental resources and produce pollution.

Accepted Answer

The "Treadmill of production" theory suggests that capitalist societies are driven to continuously produce more goods and services, leading to increased consumption of environmental resources and pollution.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of ecofeminism?

Accepted Answer

Ecofeminism critiques the masculine approach that relies on technology to solve environmental issues, advocating instead for a more holistic and interconnected understanding of nature and humanity.

Question 6

In the early 1980s, a hazardous waste dump site in Warren County, North Carolina, caught the attention of the national media. A congressional report concluded that three out of four hazardous waste sites in the South were near predominantly Black communities. This is an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

This situation exemplifies environmental racism, where minority communities, particularly Black communities, are disproportionately affected by environmental hazards and waste sites.

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding environmental racism?

Accepted Answer

Environmental racism involves practices that disproportionately affect marginalized communities, including racial/ethnic minorities, by placing hazardous sites near them. It reflects political and social structures where those with less influence are more likely to live near such sites.

Question 8

According to the text, Whites are underexposed to most environmental hazards, but are exposed to which of the following hazards?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, Whites are underexposed...

Question 9

__________ countries are powerful, industrialized, and postindustrialized nations, whereas __________ countries are those that are relatively poor, less industrialized, and economically and politically dependent.

Accepted Answer

Global Northern countries are typically powerful, industrialized, and postindustrialized, while Global Southern countries are generally less industrialized, poorer, and often economically and politically dependent.

Question 10

The Khian SeaI was a cargo ship attempting to dump 13,000 tons of toxic ash from Philadelphia. For two years, the ship could not find a country willing to accept the ash. Eventually, the ship labeled the ash as fertilizer and began dumping it on a beach in __________.

Accepted Answer

The Khian Sea dumped the toxic ash on a beach in Haiti after being unable to find a country willing to accept it.

Question 11

According to the chart in the text, North America and South America are roughly equivalent in terms of the proportion of their populations that __________.

Accepted Answer

Both North America and South America have a high proportion of their populations living in urban areas, indicating a similar level of urbanization.

Question 12

__________ refers to a pattern of urbanization in which one city grows extremely large and becomes the center of government, finance, art, science, and other institutions, while the rest of society remains rural.

Accepted Answer

Urban primacy refers to a situation where one city (often the capital) dominates the country's urban landscape, becoming the central hub for government, finance, culture, and other key institutions, while other areas remain less developed or rural.

Question 13

Spontaneous settlements are often referred to as __________.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous settlements are often referred to as shantytowns, which are informal housing areas that develop without legal permission and often lack basic services.

Question 14

What U.S. city served as the model for concentric zones?

Accepted Answer

The concentric zone model, developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925, was based on the city of Chicago. This model describes urban land use in concentric rings emanating from the city center.

Question 15

An urban area that is characterized by dispersed and loose but intertwined economic and social connections is considered a __________.

Accepted Answer

A liquid modern city is characterized by fluid and flexible social and economic structures, reflecting the dispersed and interconnected nature of urban life in contemporary society.

Question 16

As metropolitan communities grow, sometimes those close to each other merge to form a __________.

Accepted Answer

A megalopolis is a large urban area formed when two or more metropolitan areas grow and merge together.

Question 17

A city such as London, New York, or Tokyo that is home to organizations that dominate the worldwide economy is called a __________.

Accepted Answer

A global city is a city that is a primary node in the global economic network, often home to major financial institutions, multinational corporations, and influential organizations.

Question 18

In the early 1900s, a group of sociologists who focused their research on urban areas and who viewed the city as a societal institution that molded human culture and behavior formed what is now called the __________.

Accepted Answer

The "Chicago School" refers to a group of sociologists in the early 20th century who studied urban environments and their impact on human behavior, particularly in Chicago.

Question 19

Louis Wirth, one of the founders of the Chicago School, said that cities are characterized by which three demographic factors?

Accepted Answer

Cities are characterized by size, density, and heterogeneity because these factors are all essential to the functioning of a city. Size refers to the number of people living in a city, density refers to the number of people living in a given area, and heterogeneity refers to the diversity of the population in terms of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. These factors all contribute to the unique character of cities and make them different from other types of settlements.

Question 20

Jane Addams, a founding figure in sociology and social work who was interested in mapping neighborhoods and addressing the suffering of the urban poor, cofounded what settlement house with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889?

Accepted Answer

Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr cofounded Hull House in 1889, which became a model for settlement houses in the United States, focusing on social reform and providing services to the urban poor.

Quiz 15: Population, Environmental Sustainability, and Urbanization