Question 1

One reason that experts may have superior performance to novices in their area of specialization is that experts

Accepted Answer

Experts "chunk" information, which allows them to process and recall information more efficiently than novices. This ability to group information into meaningful units is a key factor in their superior performance.

Question 2

Compared to older children, younger children's knowledge bases are

Accepted Answer

Younger children's knowledge bases are typically less connected because they have had less time and experience to form extensive and intricate networks of information compared to older children.

Question 3

According to your text, which of the following factors appears to be most important to the development of a strong knowledge base?

Accepted Answer

Practice is often considered the most important factor in developing a strong knowledge base, as it involves actively engaging with the material and reinforcing learning through repetition and application.

Question 4

Which of the following supports the claim that young children are "universal novices"?

Accepted Answer

Young children are considered "universal novices" because they generally have less knowledge and experience compared to older children, which is reflected in their understanding of fewer topics, less depth in topics they have encountered, and a tendency to organize knowledge based on surface features rather than deeper principles.

Question 5

Which of the following is a memory strategy?

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal, organization, and elaboration are all strategies used to enhance memory retention and recall.

Question 6

When using the strategy of rehearsal, older children tend to use a cumulative style-repeating everything several times. In contrast, younger children use a passive style-repeating ________ they are trying to remember.

Accepted Answer

Younger children often use a passive style of rehearsal, focusing on repeating the last word they are trying to remember, rather than using a cumulative approach.

Question 7

Gertie loves her Spanish class. Tonight, her homework is to learn 10 new words including the words perro and gato. She repeats to herself over and over again, "Dog, perro, cat, gato, dog, perro, cat, gato." Which memory strategy is Gertie most likely using to learn the words?

Accepted Answer

Gertie is using rehearsal, which involves repeating information over and over to memorize it.

Question 8

Given a list of spelling words to study, Marcus decides to divide the list into verbs and nouns and then again into short and long words. This illustrates which memory strategy?

Accepted Answer

Marcus is using organization as a memory strategy by categorizing the words into verbs and nouns, and further into short and long words, to make them easier to remember.

Question 9

The best example of elaboration is

Accepted Answer

Elaboration involves creating a meaningful connection or story to enhance memory, which is exemplified by creating a story about receiving a red card and a box of white chocolates for Valentine's Day.

Question 10

When trying to remember everything that she has to get at the store-peaches, strawberries, milk, and eggs-Ashley groups the fruits together in one category and the dairy in another category. Ashley is using which memory strategy?

Accepted Answer

Ashley is using the strategy of organization by grouping similar items (fruits and dairy) together to aid in memory recall.

Question 11

All of the following developmental trends concerning memory strategies are true except

Accepted Answer

The three memory strategies (rehearsal, organization, and elaboration) do not appear at the same ages; they develop at different stages as children grow older.

Question 12

Children's strategy development has been likened to ________, meaning that children use a variety of strategies ranging in complexity.

Accepted Answer

The "overlapping waves" theory suggests that children use multiple strategies simultaneously and gradually shift from less to more effective strategies over time.

Question 13

Which approach to understanding cognitive development uses sets of computerized "if-then" statements to determine what a person will do under certain conditions?

Accepted Answer

Production systems use sets of computerized "if-then" statements to simulate human cognitive processes and determine actions under specific conditions.

Question 14

Production systems models and connectionist models are similar in that they both

Accepted Answer

Both production systems models and connectionist models use computer simulations to understand human cognitive processing, as they aim to model and simulate the processes involved in human cognition.

Question 15

In the production systems approach, a(n) ________ must be met before the production is implemented. After the production is implemented, the response occurs, which is called the ________.

Accepted Answer

In the production systems approach, a condition must be met before the production is implemented. Once the condition is satisfied, the production is executed, resulting in an action.

Question 16

According to the _____________ model of cognitive development, an important difference in thinking between early and middle childhood is an increase in the number and complexity of rules that children use to reason about a particular situation.

Accepted Answer

The production systems model of cognitive development emphasizes the increase in the number and complexity of rules that children use to reason, which aligns with the changes observed between early and middle childhood.

Question 17

Recent work on production systems models has focused on developing ______________ production systems that "learn" in order to simulate the actual process of developmental change.

Accepted Answer

Self-modifying production systems are designed to adapt and change based on new information or experiences, simulating the process of developmental change.

Question 18

Connectionist models contain all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The answer of Connectionist models contain all of the following...

Question 19

Which model asserts that knowledge is reconstructed based on activations among interconnected neural networks?

Accepted Answer

The connectionist model asserts that knowledge is reconstructed based on activations among interconnected neural networks.

Question 20

Like ____________ models of memory, connectionist models also propose that knowledge is represented by a pattern of activation across a set of neuron-like units.

Accepted Answer

Connectionist models, also known as neural network models, represent knowledge as patterns of activation across networks of neuron-like units, similar to network models of memory.

Quiz 11: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood