Read the article by Butler and colleagues (2012) titled "Ontogenetic Immune Challenges Shape Adult Personality in Mallard Ducks" (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, vol. 279, pp. 326-333). How did these authors evaluate the links between neonatal immune status and personality? What did they find? Develop at least two hypotheses regarding how early life immune challenges might shape activity levels and exploratory behavior. Why might natural selection favor this type of developmental behavioral plasticity?
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