The nurse explains to a student nurse that the median lethal dose of drugs is often determined in laboratory preclinical trials. Which rationales best support why this is done?

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Rationale 1: Laboratory animals are used in clinical trials to determine the LD₅₀, or the dose that kills 50% of the subjects. It would be unethical to kill human subjects. Rationale 2: Before a drug is released for trials in human subjects, its safety must be determined. Rationale 3: It can be challenging to obtain sufficient subjects at times, but this is not the reason for doing lethal studies during preclinical trials. Rationale 4: Clinical trials determine not only the effectiveness of a drug, but also its adverse and toxic effects. Rationale 5: The cost of the trials is the reason they are conducted with animal subjects.

The Nurse Explains to a Student Nurse That the Median