Question 1

A context variable captures factors unique to time,space,conditions,or person traits that may affect some hypothesized relationship.

Accepted Answer

A context variable can capture various factors that may affect a hypothesized relationship, such as cultural differences, environmental conditions, personal characteristics, socio-economic status, etc. These variables help to better understand the complexity of relationships and design more accurate and effective interventions.

Question 2

Bootstrapping involves taking the available data and using sampling with replacement,generating a few samples and estimating the parameters in each of those samples.

Accepted Answer

Bootstrapping involves taking the available data and using sampling with replacement,generating many,many samples and estimating the parameters in each of those samples.

Question 3

Hierarchical regression involves adding sets of predictor variables sequentially in multiple stages of a regression analysis and examining the change in the models' predictive power at each step.

Accepted Answer

Hierarchical regression involves adding predictor variables sequentially, so the statement is true.

Question 4

An indirect effect is a relationship consisting of two parts: the relationship between an independent variable and a mediator variable and the relationship between the mediator and the ultimate dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately describes what an indirect effect is in research.

Question 5

Partial mediation is a condition created when the direct relationship between X and Y is insignificant.

Accepted Answer

Partial mediation is a condition created when the direct relationship between X and Y remains significant but is reduced in the presence of a mediator.

Question 6

Complete mediation is a condition created when the direct relationship between X and Y is undefined without the presence of a mediator.

Accepted Answer

Complete mediation refers to a condition where the mediator fully accounts for the relationship between the independent variable (X) and the dependent variable (Y), meaning the direct effect of X on Y becomes non-significant when the mediator is included in the model.

Question 7

A positive relationship mean that as X goes up,so does Y.

Accepted Answer

A positive relationship means that as the value of X increases, the value of Y also increases.

Question 8

Time pressure,time of day,region,and demographic variables provide common context variables.

Accepted Answer

Context variables are factors that can affect a person's behavior and decision-making. Time pressure, time of day, region, and demographic variables are common context variables that can influence a wide range of behaviors. For example, people may make different choices depending on whether they are in a rush or have plenty of time, or whether it is morning or evening. Similarly, people from different age groups or cultural backgrounds may have different values or preferences that affect their behavior.

Question 9

A hypothesis should be stated in as few words as possible.

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis should be concise and clear, typically stated in one or two sentences.

Question 10

When a hierarchical regression analysis suggests moderation,the best way to interpret the result is using R².

Accepted Answer

When a hierarchical regression analysis suggests moderation,meaning that the addition of the interaction term(s)contributes significantly to the improvement in R² and therefore the model
f,the best way to interpret the result is using a graphical depiction.

Question 11

In hierarchical regression,any independent variables involved in forming an interaction should be mean-centered or standardized.

Accepted Answer

Mean-centering or standardizing the independent variables involved in forming an interaction helps to reduce the possibility of multicollinearity and improves the interpretability of the coefficients.

Question 12

A direct effect assesses the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable where the hypothesis suggests that the relationship depends on some other variable.

Accepted Answer

A direct effect assesses the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable independently, without considering any other variables.

Question 13

Moderation is the process by which some third variable affects the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

Moderation is a statistical term that refers to a third variable that affects the strength or direction of the relationship between two other variables. It can be thought of as a conditional relationship, where the relationship between the independent and dependent variable depends on the level or presence of the moderating variable.

Question 14

A hypothesis should be general,not specific.

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis should be specific,not general.

Question 15

A moderator variable fits between an independent variable and a dependent variable and serves to facilitate a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

A mediator variable fits between an independent variable and a dependent variable and serves to
facilitate a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Question 16

A hypothesis represents a much more comprehensive explanation than does a theory.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. A theory represents a comprehensive explanation that has been extensively tested and supported by evidence, while a hypothesis is a proposed explanation that has yet to be fully tested and verified.

Question 17

In survey research,both the independent variable and the moderator variable are generally categorical.

Accepted Answer

In survey research,both the independent variable and the moderator variable are generally at least interval.

Question 18

In an experiment,both the independent variable and the moderator variable often are categorical (nominal or ordinal).

Accepted Answer

Both independent and moderator variables can be categorical (nominal or ordinal). For example, in a study on the effects of exercise on weight loss, the independent variable (exercise) may consist of categories such as no exercise, moderate exercise, and intense exercise, while the moderator variable (gender) may consist of categories such as male and female.

Question 19

A tautology results from linear reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A tautology is a statement that is true by necessity or by virtue of its logical form, not necessarily due to linear reasoning.

Question 20

Linear models play a minor and discretionary role in testing hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

Linear models play a major and important role in testing hypotheses, especially in statistical analysis and regression analysis. They are commonly used in scientific research and are considered a staple in statistical analysis.

Quiz 19: Testing Hypotheses With Glm Procedures