Question 1

Isoquants are convex to the origin due to:
A)the law of diminishing marginal utility.
B)the assumption of the diminishing marginal productivity of each input.
C)the fact that as less capital is used, its marginal productivity falls.
D)the fact that as more labor is used, its marginal productivity rises.

Accepted Answer

Isoquants are convex to the origin because of the assumption of the diminishing marginal productivity of each input. This means that as more units of a particular input are utilized, the additional units add less and less to the total output. Therefore, in order to produce the same level of output, a firm must use a combination of inputs that compensates for the declining marginal productivity of each input. This leads to isoquants that are convex to the origin. The other options, A, C and D, are incorrect or partially incorrect because they do not explain the reason for the convexity of isoquants to the origin.

Question 2

Assuming capital and labor are substitutes,an improvement in technology that affects only the productivity of capital would cause a firm to employ more capital but leave the amount of labor employed unchanged.

Accepted Answer

An improvement in technology that increases the productivity of capital makes capital more attractive to use, potentially leading to a substitution effect where firms use more capital in place of labor, thus potentially reducing the amount of labor employed.

Question 3

Assume a firm produces 500 units of a good by using two inputs,capital and labor,whose per unit prices are $10 and $4.Assume also that the marginal physical product of the last unit of capital is 30 and the marginal physical product of the last unit of labor is 10.What will change to move the firm to a new cost-minimizing equilibrium?
A)The marginal product of capital will fall and the marginal product of labor will increase.
B)The marginal product of labor will fall and the marginal product of capital will increase.
C)The price of labor will rise.
D)The price of capital will rise.

Accepted Answer

A firm reaches a cost-minimizing equilibrium when the ratio of the marginal product to the price of each input is equal. In this case, the marginal product of capital is 30 and the price of capital is $10, so the ratio is 3. Similarly, the ratio for labor is 2.5. Therefore, the firm is using more capital than labor. To move to a new cost-minimizing equilibrium, the firm needs to decrease the use of capital and increase the use of labor until the ratios are equal. This means that the marginal product of capital should fall and the marginal product of labor should increase.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about production isoquants is correct?
A)They show all the combinations of two inputs that result in the same level of output.
B)They are usually concave to the origin.
C)They show all the combinations of two inputs that yield the same cost of production.
D)They represent lower levels of output the farther they are from the origin.

Accepted Answer

Production isoquants show all the combinations of two inputs (such as labor and capital) that result in the same level of output.

Question 5

A firm is more likely to use a labor-intensive method of production when the relative amount of available labor is greater than the available amount of capital.

Accepted Answer

When there is more labor available compared to capital, a labor-intensive method of production becomes more feasible and cost-effective for the firm. This is because labor-intensive methods rely more on the input of human labor rather than capital equipment. In contrast, when there is more capital available compared to labor, a capital-intensive method of production becomes more viable for the firm.

Question 6

Assume a firm produces 500 units of a good by using two inputs,capital and labor,whose per unit prices are $10 and $4.Assume also that the marginal physical product of the last unit of capital is 30 and the marginal physical product of the last unit of labor is 10.To minimize costs this firm should employ:
A)the existing combination of resources.
B)more labor and less capital.
C)more capital and less labor.
D)both more labor and more capital.

Accepted Answer

To minimize costs, a firm should employ resources in such a way that the ratio of the marginal product to the price of each input is equal. Here, the marginal product per dollar for capital is 30/$10 = 3, and for labor, it's 10/$4 = 2.5. Since capital is more productive per dollar spent, the firm should use more capital and less labor to minimize costs.

Question 7

Graphically,all else constant,a decrease in the price of labor would be illustrated by:
A)a parallel shift of the isocost line in toward the origin.
B)rotating the isocost line away from the origin along the labor axis.
C)a parallel shift of the isocost line away from the origin.
D)rotating the isocost line in toward the origin along the capital axis.

Accepted Answer

A decrease in the price of labor would make labor cheaper, allowing more labor to be purchased for the same cost, thus rotating the isocost line away from the origin along the labor axis.

Question 8

All else constant,a decrease in the per unit price of labor would create an incentive for a firm manager to substitute labor for capital in the firm's production process.

Accepted Answer

If the per unit price of labor decreases, it becomes relatively cheaper compared to capital. This creates an incentive for the firm manager to substitute labor for capital in the firm's production process, as it would lower the cost of production and increase profits.

Question 9

In the long-run production function,all of the inputs to the production process are allowed to vary.

Accepted Answer

In the long-run production function, all inputs are variable or can be changed, unlike in the short-run production function, where at least one input is fixed.

Question 10

Why are isoquants negatively sloped?
A)Along a single isoquant, the firm can substitute the use of one input for another while holding the total level of output constant.
B)Due to the effects of diseconomies of scale.
C)Because the farther the isoquant is from the origin, the higher the level of output.
D)Because price and quantity demanded are inversely related.

Accepted Answer

Isoquants are negatively sloped because they represent combinations of inputs that generate the same level of output. Along a single isoquant, a firm can substitute the use of one input for another while holding the total level of output constant. This means that as the firm substitutes one input for another, the quantity of the input that is being substituted increases while the quantity of the other input decreases. Consequently, the slope of the isoquant is negative.

Question 11

Assume a firm produces 500 units of a good by using two inputs,capital and labor,whose per unit prices are $10 and $4.Assume also that the marginal physical product of the last unit of capital is 30 and the marginal physical product of the last unit of labor is 10.Is this firm minimizing its costs of producing 500 units of output?
A)No, because the marginal products of the two inputs are not equal.
B)No, because the MRTS and the price ratio for the two inputs are not equal.
C)No, because the prices of the two inputs are not equal.
D)The answer cannot be determined without more information.

Accepted Answer

The firm is not minimizing its costs because the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) is not equal to the ratio of input prices. The MRTS is the ratio of the marginal product of labor to the marginal product of capital, which in this case is 10/30 or 1/3. The price ratio is 4/10 or 2/5. Since these ratios are not equal, the firm is not minimizing its costs.

Question 12

All else constant,an increase in the price of labor would cause the total amount of output that can be produced with a fixed amount of spending to ________.This would result in a movement to a ________ isoquant.
A)increase; lower
B)increase; higher
C)decrease; lower
D)decrease; higher

Accepted Answer

An increase in the price of labor would increase the cost of production, which would lead to a decrease in the total amount of output that can be produced with a fixed amount of spending. This would result in a movement to a lower isoquant as the firm can no longer afford to produce at the same level as before.

Question 13

The slope of the isocost line:
A)changes as the combination of labor and capital is altered by the firm.
B)is equal to the ratio of the marginal productivities at all points along the isocost line.
C)is equal to the negative of the ratio of the prices of the outputs.
D)is equal to the negative of the ratio of the prices of the inputs.

Accepted Answer

The slope of the isocost line is equal to the negative of the ratio of the prices of the inputs, which is also known as the marginal rate of input substitution. This means that as the firm alters the combination of labor and capital, the slope remains constant, as long as the input prices remain the same.

Question 14

A change in technology or the relative prices of the inputs used in a production process would cause a manager's choice of inputs to use in the production process to change as well.

Accepted Answer

A change in technology, such as the introduction of a new machinery or software, can impact the efficiency of inputs and alter the selection of inputs in the production process. Similarly, when the prices of input resources change, a manager may shift towards using less expensive inputs or exploring other options to maintain profitability.

Question 15

For the simple case of a production function with two inputs in which the inputs are perfect complements,each isoquant is represented by:
A)a vertical line.
B)a horizontal line
C)a downward sloping straight line.
D)a line that forms a right angle.

Accepted Answer

In the case of perfect complements, each isoquant is represented by a line that forms a right angle, reflecting the fixed proportion in which the inputs must be used.

Question 16

Regarding the production of health care,more recent studies suggest that:
A)economies of scale exist up to a hospital size of approximately 500 beds.
B)hospitals of many different sizes can compete effectively with each other on the basis of cost.
C)the LRAC curve exhibits significant diseconomies of scale beginning with a hospital size of approximately 100 beds.
D)the LRAC for hospitals exhibits a very distinct U shape.

Accepted Answer

Recent studies suggest that hospitals of many different sizes can compete effectively with each other on the basis of cost. This implies that there may not be significant economies of scale in the production of health care, and smaller hospitals may be able to provide care at a lower cost compared to larger hospitals. While there may be some economies of scale up to a certain hospital size, the evidence suggests that these are not significant enough to outweigh the potential benefits of competition between hospitals of different sizes. Additionally, there is no clear evidence to suggest that the LRAC curve for hospitals exhibits a U shape or significant diseconomies of scale.

Question 17

The marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS)along an isoquant:
A)is equal to the price ratio at all points along an isoquant.
B)is equal to the ratio of the marginal utilities of the two goods.
C)is equal to the ratio of the marginal products of the two inputs.
D)remains constant as we alter the combinations of the two inputs.

Accepted Answer

The marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) along an isoquant is equal to the ratio of the marginal products of the two inputs. MRTS measures the rate at which one input can be substituted for another without changing the level of output. When we substitute one input for another, the marginal product of the substituted input decreases, and the marginal product of the other input increases. The MRTS is the slope of the isoquant and it falls as we move along the isoquant from left to right. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) is equal to the ratio of the marginal products of the two inputs.

Question 18

An isocost line represents:
A)all the combinations of inputs to a production process that result in the same total costs of production.
B)all the combinations of inputs that result in the same amount of output.
C)all of the combinations of two inputs for which the amount of money spent on each of the inputs is equal.
D)all of the levels of output that result in the same total cost.

Accepted Answer

An isocost line represents all the combinations of inputs to a production process that result in the same total costs of production. This means that different combinations of inputs can be used to achieve the same total cost, and the isocost line shows all possible combinations of those inputs. It is important to note that the slope of the isocost line represents the relative prices of the two inputs.

Question 19

The fact that a firm is using a capital-intensive method of production means that input substitution is not possible.

Accepted Answer

Input substitution is still possible even when a firm is using a capital-intensive method of production. While it may not be as easy to substitute labor for capital or vice versa, it is still possible to adjust the mix of inputs to achieve greater efficiency and cost savings.

Question 20

A movement down along a given isoquant causes the marginal rate of technical substitution to:
A)increase.
B)stay the same.
C)decrease.
D)cannot be determined without additional information.

Accepted Answer

A movement down along a given isoquant indicates a decrease in capital use and an increase in labor use, which implies diminishing marginal returns to labor and increasing marginal returns to capital. As a result, the marginal rate of technical substitution decreases because it measures the rate at which labor can be substituted for capital while holding output constant. Therefore, there is a trade-off between capital and labor, and the more labor is used, the less additional units of capital are needed to maintain output constant.

Quiz 6: Production and Cost Analysis in the Long Run

Isoquants are convex to the origin due to:

Assuming capital and labor are substitutes,an improvement in technology that affects only the productivity of capital would cause a firm to employ more capital but leave the amount of labor employed unchanged.

Which of the following statements about production isoquants is correct?

A firm is more likely to use a labor-intensive method of production when the relative amount of available labor is greater than the available amount of capital.

Graphically,all else constant,a decrease in the price of labor would be illustrated by:

All else constant,a decrease in the per unit price of labor would create an incentive for a firm manager to substitute labor for capital in the firm's production process.

In the long-run production function,all of the inputs to the production process are allowed to vary.

Why are isoquants negatively sloped?

All else constant,an increase in the price of labor would cause the total amount of output that can be produced with a fixed amount of spending to .This would result in a movement to a isoquant.

The slope of the isocost line:

A change in technology or the relative prices of the inputs used in a production process would cause a manager's choice of inputs to use in the production process to change as well.

For the simple case of a production function with two inputs in which the inputs are perfect complements,each isoquant is represented by:

Regarding the production of health care,more recent studies suggest that:

The marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) along an isoquant:

An isocost line represents:

The fact that a firm is using a capital-intensive method of production means that input substitution is not possible.

A movement down along a given isoquant causes the marginal rate of technical substitution to: