Question 1

The approach to ethical behavior which proposes that actions and plans should be judged by their consequences, thus producing the greatest benefit to society with the least harm or the lowest cost is called
A) individual rights approach.
B) mercantilism approach.
C) utilitarian approach.
D) justice approach.
E) moral imperialism approach.

Accepted Answer

The ethical approach that proposes actions and plans should be judged by their consequences in terms of producing the greatest benefit to society with the least harm or the lowest cost is known as the utilitarian approach. It focuses on the net benefits an action or plan would bring to society, which aligns with the principles of social responsibility and sustainability. The other options (individual rights approach, mercantilism approach, justice approach, and moral imperialism approach) do not specifically emphasize the consequences or net benefits of actions or plans.

Question 2

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral development, characterized by concern for self, is called
A) principled.
B) conventional.
C) essential.
D) preconventional.
E) fundamental.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of three levels, and the first level is called preconventional. This level is focused on individual self-interest and obedience to authority, with a focus on avoiding punishment and maximizing rewards. The second level, called conventional, involves following societal norms and expectations, while the third level, principled, involves developing abstract ethical principles and making decisions based on those principles.

Question 3

According to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, characterized by considerations of society's laws and norms, is called
A) principled.
B) essential.
C) conventional.
D) preconventional.
E) fundamental.

Accepted Answer

The second level of moral development, according to Kohlberg, is called the conventional level. This level is characterized by a focus on society's norms and rules. Individuals at this level would conform to society's expectations and follow the rules to be seen as a good member of society. They would not necessarily question the validity of the rules or whether they are morally right or wrong.

Question 4

Employees who report illegal or unethical behavior on the part of others are known as
A) stakeholders.
B) whistleblowers.
C) moral relativists.
D) retaliators.
E) outside directors.

Accepted Answer

Employees who report illegal or unethical behavior on the part of others are commonly referred to as whistleblowers. They often face negative consequences and stigma for speaking out against wrongdoing. However, whistleblowers play a vital role in holding individuals and organizations accountable for their actions and promoting transparency and ethical behavior.

Question 5

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" reflects which type of moral relativism?
A) naive relativism
B) role relativism
C) principled relativism
D) cultural relativism
E) social group relativism

Accepted Answer

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is a common expression of cultural relativism, which is the belief that different cultures have unique values, beliefs, and behaviors that should be understood and respected within their specific cultural context. The phrase reflects the idea that when visiting a different culture, it is appropriate to adapt to their customs and traditions rather than imposing one's own.

Question 6

Blindly following orders reflects which type of moral relativism?
A) naive relativism
B) role relativism
C) principled relativism
D) cultural relativism
E) social group relativism

Accepted Answer

Role relativism refers to the belief that what is morally right or wrong depends on one's designated social role or status within a given context. Blindly following orders is often attributed to individuals who prioritize their role or duty within a hierarchy over moral considerations.

Question 7

The approach to ethical behavior which proposes that human beings have certain fundamental rights that should be respected in all decisions, thus avoiding interfering with the rights of others is called
A) individual rights approach.
B) mercantilism approach.
C) utilitarian approach.
D) justice approach.
E) moral imperialism approach.

Accepted Answer

The individual rights approach proposes that individuals have fundamental rights which should be respected in all decisions, avoiding interference with the rights of others. This approach prioritizes the protection of individual rights above all else, and is commonly used in ethical decision-making.

Question 8

Ethics is defined as
A) formal codes that permit or forbid certain behaviors.
B) a general rule of conduct of personal behavior, based on religious or philosophical grounds.
C) consensually accepted standards of behavior for an occupation, trade, or profession.
D) imposing one's morality upon another.
E) voluntary obligations assumed by an individual or organization.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ethics is defined as
A) formal codes that...

Question 9

Some people claim that morality is relative to some personal, social, or cultural standard and that there is no method for deciding whether one decision is better than another. This is called
A) ethical relativity.
B) moral philosophy.
C) comparative ethics.
D) cultural imperialism.
E) moral relativism.

Accepted Answer

Moral relativism is the belief that moral principles are culturally and individually based and that there is no objective standard for what is right or wrong. This view rejects the idea of universal or absolute moral truths and instead ascribes moral value to different cultural and individual perspectives.

Question 10

According to Kohlberg, the third level of moral development, characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code, is called
A) principled.
B) conventional.
C) essential.
D) preconventional.
E) fundamental.

Accepted Answer

The third level of moral development, according to Kohlberg, is called principled. This is because individuals at this level adhere to an internal moral code that is guided by universal ethical principles, rather than external factors such as the opinions of others or the need for social conformity.

Question 11

All of the following are one of the four types of moral relativism EXCEPT
A) naive relativism.
B) role relativism.
C) principled relativism.
D) social group relativism.
E) cultural relativism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are one of...

Question 12

All of the following reasons provide rationale for unethical behavior EXCEPT
A) the impact of cultural norms and values.
B) differences in values between business people and key stakeholders.
C) ambiguous rules.
D) agreement among stakeholders and business people about what is ethical.
E) difficulty of one group to understand another's actions.

Accepted Answer

Agreement among stakeholders and business people about what is ethical does not provide rationale for unethical behavior.

Question 13

According to Kohlberg, in what stage of moral development do the vast majority of people in the United States occupy?
A) principled stage
B) conventional stage
C) essential stage
D) preconventional stage
E) fundamental stage

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg, the vast majority of people in the United States occupy the conventional stage of moral development, where behavior is guided by adherence to conventional standards of right and wrong established by society. This stage is characterized by a desire to maintain social norms and values, and a concern of what others think of them.

Question 14

Managers who want to improve ethical behavior should take actions such as
A) communicate the code of ethics in training programs.
B) emphasize the code of ethics in performance appraisal systems.
C) follow a code of ethical behavior themselves.
D) communicate the code of ethics in policies and procedures.
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the above actions are important to improving ethical behavior in the workplace. Communication of the code of ethics in training programs, policies, and procedures helps to ensure that employees are aware of the expectations and standards for ethical behavior. Emphasizing the code of ethics in performance appraisals helps to reinforce the importance of ethical behavior and can influence employees to act in an ethical manner. Finally, managers who model ethical behavior themselves create a culture that encourages ethical behavior among their employees.

Question 15

A code of ethics is important to clarify company expectations of employee conduct in various situations and to
A) reduce the burden on the judicial system.
B) make it clear that the company expects its people to recognize the ethical dimensions in decision and actions.
C) promote a high level of societal norms.
D) encourage individuals to strive for good citizenship and corporations to contribute positively to society.
E) minimize the possibility of mandatory regulations.

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics helps to communicate to employees the importance of recognizing ethical considerations in their decision making and actions. It sets expectations for conduct and helps to promote a culture of ethical behavior within the organization. While the other options may also be benefits of a code of ethics in some ways, they do not directly address the importance of clarifying expectations for employee conduct.

Question 16

According to a 2011 National Business Ethics survey, what percent of respondents who observed corporate misconduct rated their cultures as weak?
A) 90
B) 70
C) 50
D) 30
E) 10

Accepted Answer

According to the 2011 National Business Ethics Survey, 90% of respondents who observed corporate misconduct rated their cultures as weak.

Question 17

Role relativism is based on the belief that
A) morality is relative to a particular culture.
B) all moral decisions are deeply personal and each person should be allowed to interpret situations and act on his own moral values.
C) social roles carry with them certain obligations.
D) morality is simply a matter of following the norms of an individual's peer group.
E) a decision is legitimate if it is common practice.

Accepted Answer

Role relativism suggests that the moral obligations and ethical decisions of an individual are significantly influenced by the social roles they occupy. This perspective emphasizes that different roles may entail different responsibilities and ethical considerations.

Question 18

A code of conduct that regulates supplier conduct
A) is never enforced.
B) almost always protects a corporation's reputation if an offshore supplier conceals abuses.
C) is recommended if the company outsources manufacturing to a company in another country.
D) is rarely used.
E) has always been found to be legally enforceable.

Accepted Answer

A code of conduct that regulates supplier conduct is recommended if the company outsources manufacturing to a company in another country. This helps ensure that the supplier maintains ethical labor practices and prevents the company from being associated with any abuses that may occur in the supplier's factories. It is important for the code to be enforced to ensure compliance. While it may not always protect a corporation's reputation if abuses are concealed, it is still an important tool for promoting ethical behavior in the supply chain. The legal enforceability of a code of conduct may vary depending on the jurisdiction and specific terms of the code.

Question 19

Law is defined as
A) formal codes that permit or forbid certain behaviors.
B) a general rule of conduct of personal behavior, based on religious or philosophical grounds.
C) consensually accepted standards of behavior for an occupation, trade, or profession.
D) imposing one's morality upon another.
E) voluntary obligations assumed by an individual or organization.

Accepted Answer

The definition of law involves formal codes that permit or forbid certain behaviors. This includes both criminal law and civil law, which are written and enforced by governments.

Answer: B
 This definition is more in line with ethical or moral codes, rather than legal codes. While laws may be based on moral or philosophical grounds, this definition does not accurately describe the nature of law.

Answer: C
 This definition describes professional standards or codes of conduct, rather than legal codes. While professions may be regulated by law, the definition of law is broader.

Answer: D
 This definition more closely describes religious or moral codes, rather than legal codes. While laws may reflect moral values, they are typically enforced through a legal system rather than through individual imposition.

Answer: E
 This definition describes voluntary or contractual obligations, rather than legal codes. While contracts and agreements may be enforced through legal channels, the definition of law refers more broadly to formal codes and rules.

Question 20

Morality is defined as
A) formal codes that permit or forbid certain behaviors.
B) a general rule of conduct of personal behavior, based on religious or philosophical grounds.
C) consensually accepted standards of behavior for an occupation, trade, or profession.
D) imposing one's morality upon another.
E) voluntary obligations assumed by an individual or organization.

Accepted Answer

Option B summarizes the definition of morality as a general rule of conduct based on religious or philosophical grounds. The other options (A, C, D, and E) either refer to specific codes or standards for behavior, or describe the imposition or assumption of moral obligations by individuals or organizations, which is not the same as the definition of morality itself.

Quiz 3: Ethics and Social Responsibility in Strategic Management

The approach to ethical behavior which proposes that actions and plans should be judged by their consequences, thus producing the greatest benefit to society with the least harm or the lowest cost is called

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral development, characterized by concern for self, is called

According to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, characterized by considerations of society's laws and norms, is called

Employees who report illegal or unethical behavior on the part of others are known as

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" reflects which type of moral relativism?

Blindly following orders reflects which type of moral relativism?

The approach to ethical behavior which proposes that human beings have certain fundamental rights that should be respected in all decisions, thus avoiding interfering with the rights of others is called

Ethics is defined as

Some people claim that morality is relative to some personal, social, or cultural standard and that there is no method for deciding whether one decision is better than another. This is called

According to Kohlberg, the third level of moral development, characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code, is called

All of the following are one of the four types of moral relativism EXCEPT

All of the following reasons provide rationale for unethical behavior EXCEPT

According to Kohlberg, in what stage of moral development do the vast majority of people in the United States occupy?

Managers who want to improve ethical behavior should take actions such as

A code of ethics is important to clarify company expectations of employee conduct in various situations and to

According to a 2011 National Business Ethics survey, what percent of respondents who observed corporate misconduct rated their cultures as weak?

Role relativism is based on the belief that

A code of conduct that regulates supplier conduct

Law is defined as

Morality is defined as