Question 1

Which company cancelled contracts with 23 factories that did not meet its child-labor standards for suppliers?

Accepted Answer

Gap International cancelled contracts with 23 factories that did not meet its child-labor standards for suppliers.

Question 2

The approach to ethical behavior which proposes that actions and plans should be judged by their consequences, thus producing the greatest benefit to society with the least harm or the lowest cost is called

Accepted Answer

The approach described is the utilitarian approach, which assesses the consequences of actions to determine their ethical validity. It weighs the benefits and harms to society and aims to produce the greatest overall benefit at the lowest cost. The other options are either focused on individual rights, economic gain, or justice, but do not prioritize societal benefit in the same way as the utilitarian approach.

Question 3

According to Kohlberg, the third level of moral development, characterized by a person's adherence to an internal moral code, is called

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's third level of moral development is called principled, also known as post-conventional. This level is characterized by individuals having their own set of moral principles and values that guide their behavior, regardless of societal norms or laws.

Question 4

Law is defined as

Accepted Answer

Law is a formal system of rules and codes that permit or forbid certain behaviors, and it is enforced by the government. It is a set of guidelines designed to regulate conduct in society and maintain order.

Question 5

Some people claim that morality is relative to some personal, social, or cultural standard and that there is no method for deciding whether one decision is better than another.This is called

Accepted Answer

The idea that morality is relative to personal, social, or cultural standards is known as moral relativism. This means that there is no universal standard for determining what is morally right or wrong, and that each individual or culture has their own set of moral beliefs. Therefore, option E - moral relativism - is the best choice.

Question 6

A code of ethics was important for two reasons.The first reason is that it clarifies company expectations of employee conduct in various situations, and the second reason is

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics makes clear that the company expects its people to recognize the ethical dimensions in decision and actions. While the other options may also be benefits of a code of ethics, they are not the primary reason for having one.

Question 7

Employees who report illegal or unethical behavior on the part of others are known as

Accepted Answer

Employees who report illegal or unethical behavior on the part of others are known as whistleblowers.

Question 8

Blindly following orders reflects which type of moral relativism?

Accepted Answer

Blindly following orders reflects role relativism, as it involves prioritizing one's duties and responsibilities as part of a specific role (such as a soldier or employee) over personal moral convictions. Naive relativism involves a simplistic belief that all moral beliefs are equally valid, while principled relativism involves a more nuanced understanding that moral beliefs are context-dependent and subject to critical evaluation. Cultural relativism emphasizes the importance of considering cultural context in moral analysis, while social group relativism emphasizes the influence of social dynamics and power structures on moral beliefs.

Question 9

Managers who want to improve ethical behavior should take actions such as

Accepted Answer

All of the above actions are necessary to improve ethical behavior in an organization. Communicating the code of ethics in training programs, emphasizing it in performance appraisal systems, following it themselves, and communicating it in policies and procedures are all important steps. These initiatives help create a culture of ethics in which employees understand the importance of ethical behavior and feel motivated to uphold the code of conduct.

Question 10

Morality is defined as

Accepted Answer

Morality is a broad term that refers to a set of beliefs and values that influence behavior and decision-making. It is often based on religious or philosophical grounds and guides personal behavior. While formal codes (option A) and consensually accepted standards (option C) may align with moral beliefs, they are not the same as morality itself. Imposing one's morality on another (option D) and voluntary obligations (option E) are not necessarily inherent in the definition of morality.

Question 11

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral development, characterized by concern for self, is called

Accepted Answer

The first level of moral development according to Kohlberg is called preconventional, which is characterized by a self-centered focus on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards or outcomes that benefit oneself.

Question 12

Specific changes reported by CEOs in a survey by the Business Roundtable Institute for Corporate Ethics included all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The other four choices are specific changes reported by CEOs in the survey, but decreased number of whistleblowers is not a reported change.

Question 13

All of the following reasons provide rationale for unethical behavior EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Agreement among stakeholders and business people about what is ethical provides rationale for ethical behavior, not unethical behavior. The other choices all provide reasons why someone might engage in unethical behavior.

Question 14

According to Kohlberg, in what stage of moral development do the majority of people in the U.S.occupy?

Accepted Answer

The majority of people in the U.S. occupy the conventional stage, where they follow the rules and expectations of society and value conformity and belongingness. This aligns with the values and norms of many Western, individualistic cultures.

Question 15

The approach to ethical behavior which proposes that human beings have certain fundamental rights that should be respected in all decisions, thus avoiding interfering with the rights of others is called

Accepted Answer

The individual rights approach proposes that everyone has certain basic rights that should be respected which can prevent interference with the rights of others. This approach ensures that individuals are treated fairly and with dignity.

Question 16

All of the following are one of the four types of moral relativism EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Principled relativism is not typically recognized as one of the four types of moral relativism, which usually include naive relativism, role relativism, social group relativism, and cultural relativism.

Question 17

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" reflects which type of moral relativism?

Accepted Answer

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is a popular saying that reflects cultural relativism, which asserts that moral values and beliefs are culturally determined and therefore vary across different cultures. It suggests that one should adapt their behavior to the culture they are immersed in, rather than imposing their own cultural norms.

Question 18

Role relativism is based on the belief that

Accepted Answer

Role relativism suggests that the moral obligations and ethical decisions of an individual are significantly influenced by the social roles they occupy. This perspective emphasizes that different roles may entail different responsibilities and ethical considerations.

Question 19

Ethics is defined as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ethics is defined as
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Question 20

According to Kohlberg, the second level of moral development, characterized by considerations of society's laws and norms, is called

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's second level of moral development is called conventional. At this level, people follow rules and norms because they are seen as necessary for maintaining social order and gaining approval from others in society.

Quiz 3: Ethics and Social Responsibility in Strategic Management