Question 1

Which of the following hormones is a protein?

Accepted Answer

Protein hormones include insulin, growth hormone (GH), and calcitonin. Steroids include cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries, and testosterone from the testes. The hormones thyroxine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are examples of amines.

Question 2

Which of the following types of diabetes is the least common?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin).

Question 3

Pioglitazone is used to treat:

Accepted Answer

Since pioglitazone (Actos) is an oral hypoglycemic medication used to increase the body's sensitivity to insulin, using it in the treatment of T₂DM is appropriate since T₂DM is caused by a reduced ability to respond to the effects of insulin, also known as insulin resistance. Those with T₁DM do not produce insulin; therefore Actos would be ineffective.

Question 4

Steroid hormones include:

Accepted Answer

Steroids include cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries, and testosterone from the testes.

Question 5

Which of the following insulin products is(are) long acting?

Accepted Answer

Humalog and NovoLog are both rapid acting. Lantus is long acting.

Question 6

The essential element for triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxin (T₄) production is:

Accepted Answer

Iodine is necessary within the thyroid gland to synthesize T₄ and T₃. Each hormone is named to indicate the number of iodine atoms in its structure.

Question 7

Calcium levels are maintained by:

Accepted Answer

A constant level of calcium is maintained by three different hormones: calcitonin, vitamin D, and PTH. The function of calcitonin is to inhibit the removal of calcium from the bone.

Question 8

Which medication(s) contain(s) the generic ingredient levothyroxine?

Accepted Answer

Synthroid and Levoxyl are both brand names of the generic ingredient levothyroxine, whereas Armour Thyroid is a desiccated thyroid drug.

Question 9

All of the following are true of Graves disease except:

Accepted Answer

Graves disease, an autoimmune disorder, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The body manufactures antibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors that lead to an increase in the production of T₄ and T₃. The most common symptoms are diffuse thyroid enlargement (goiter), inflammation and enlargement of the tissues in the orbit of the eye (causing the eyes to bulge, known as exophthalmos), and thickening of the skin over the lower legs. Graves disease is more common in women and occurs in less than 1% of the population in the United States. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy would not be a proper treatment since Graves disease is an excess level of thyroid hormones.

Question 10

Insulin is released in response to ____________________, and glucagon is released in response to ____________________.

Accepted Answer

When blood glucose concentration is high (after eating), insulin is released into the bloodstream. Glucagon is secreted in response to low blood glucose levels. This hormone triggers the liver to release glycogen.

Question 11

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, have all of the following effects except:

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, affect the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. They increase glucose levels, reduce inflammation, and increase the capacity to cope with stressful situations.

Question 12

Hypokalemia means:

Accepted Answer

Hypo means low, and kalemia means the presence of potassium in the blood.

Question 13

Which of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

The cortex of the adrenal glands produces three types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones (e.g., androgens, estrogens).

Question 14

What is the largest gland of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The largest gland of the endocrine system is the pancreas, which is responsible for the production and secretion of the hormones glucagon and insulin and for the secretion of digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

Question 15

Which one of the following statements is true about hypothyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism is a common medical problem. Symptoms include increased sensitivity to cold, brittle fingernails, constipation, and unexplained weight gain. If hypothyroidism is not treated, then the symptoms may progress, although the condition is not normally life threatening. Thyroid hormone replacement agents need to be taken for life (one dose a day) because of the chronic nature of the condition.

Question 16

The prime regulatory mechanism used by the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis is:

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback is the primary regulatory mechanism used to maintain homeostasis. It involves information about the effects of a hormone being sent back to the gland, which then decreases the production and/or secretion of that specific hormone.

Question 17

What auxiliary labels are needed for thyroid hormone replacement medications?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone replacement medications need to be taken as directed, on an empty stomach, and with a full glass of water.

Question 18

The catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine are secreted by and stored in the:

Accepted Answer

The adrenal medulla synthesizes and secretes the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. These hormones are stored in the adrenal medulla until activated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 19

Aldosterone:

Accepted Answer

The principal mineralocorticoid in the body is aldosterone, which maintains sodium and potassium homeostasis by stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

Question 20

Which of the following medications is estrogen replacement therapy?

Accepted Answer

Only Premarin (conjugated estrogens) is estrogen replacement therapy. Evista is an estrogen modulator. Levoxyl and Synthroid are both thyroid hormone replacement medications.

Quiz 16: Therapeutic Agents for the Endocrine System