Question 1

According to recent research, which of the following is not one of the three American models of masculine identity?
A) breadwinner
B) rebel
C) man-of-action hero
D) communicator

Accepted Answer

The three American models of masculine identity are breadwinner, rebel, and man-of-action hero. "Communicator" is not one of the three models.

Question 2

________ refers to a consumer's subjective evaluation of his or her physical self.
A) Looking-glass self
B) Self-concept
C) Ideal self
D) Body image

Accepted Answer

Body image refers to the subjective evaluation of one's physical appearance, including size, shape, and attractiveness. It can have a significant impact on consumers' self-confidence and self-esteem, as well as their behavior and consumption habits.

Question 3

Arthur was asked to speak in front of a group of downtown business people during the noon hour. He noticed that as he spoke, one person appeared to be napping and another frowned during the entire presentation. "I'm not going to do that again," Arthur promised himself. "I am not a good public speaker!" Which of the following terms best reflects Arthur's perception of himself and his ability as a speaker?
A) multiple selves
B) ideal self
C) actual self
D) looking-glass self

Accepted Answer

Arthur's perception of himself as a speaker is influenced by how he believes others perceive him, which aligns with the concept of the "looking-glass self."

Question 4

Historically, people have most closely associated tattoos with ________.
A) social outcasts
B) members of the ruling class
C) members of fraternities and sororities
D) members of religious orders

Accepted Answer

Historically, tattoos have been associated with social outcasts, such as prisoners and sailors. In the past, tattoos were seen as a mark of rebellion or nonconformity, and were not widely accepted in mainstream society. While attitudes towards tattoos have shifted in recent years, they still carry some of this historical stigma.

Question 5

A(n) ________ is a particular model, or exemplar, of appearance.
A) ideal of beauty
B) self-concept
C) cathexis
D) ideal self

Accepted Answer

The ideal of beauty refers to a specific model or exemplar of appearance that a person strives to achieve or view as desirable. Self-concept refers to an individual's overall perception of themselves, while cathexis refers to the emotional attachment or investment in an object or person. Ideal self pertains to a person's perception of their ideal characteristics or traits.

Question 6

Attributes of self-concept can be described along several dimensions. When Rudi Gonzalez sees himself as handsome, Rudi is using the self-concept dimension of ________ to form his view.
A) content
B) positivity
C) intensity
D) esteem

Accepted Answer

Content refers to the attributes or characteristics that an individual believes they possess, such as being handsome.

Question 7

People in every culture adorn or alter their bodies in some way. Decorating the self serves a number of purposes. Which of the following is NOT one of those purposes?
A) to separate group members from non-group members
B) to place the individual in the social organization
C) to enhance sex-role identification
D) to indicate expected life-span

Accepted Answer

Body decoration is not typically used to indicate expected life-span. However, it may be used to indicate social status, identity, affiliation, or group membership. Additionally, body decoration may also serve aesthetic, religious, spiritual, or symbolic functions.

Question 8

Men are more likely to use a woman's body shape as a sexual cue. One explanation of this phenomenon is that feminine curves provide evidence of ________.
A) compatibility
B) reproductive potential
C) intellectual capacity
D) sociability

Accepted Answer

Feminine curves are often associated with fertility and reproductive potential, making them a sexual cue for men who are looking for potential mates to reproduce with.

Question 9

A Unilever-sponsored survey that asked American women how they felt about their appearance reported which of the following?
A) Positive feelings about the self were lowest in ethnic groups such as African American and Hispanic women.
B) Older women were more likely to describe themselves as beautiful.
C) The majority of respondents believe that our society does not use reasonable standards to evaluate women's beauty.
D) The majority of respondents believe that beauty comes from a woman's physical appearance.

Accepted Answer

The survey reported that the majority of respondents believe that our society does not use reasonable standards to evaluate women's beauty. None of the other options are mentioned in the survey results.

Question 10

Shanshea worked hard to finish her engineering degree at M.I.T., and she proudly displays a bumper sticker declaring "M.I.T. Engineer" on her car. This bumper sticker is an example of a(n) ________.
A) avatar
B) platform
C) cathexis
D) badge

Accepted Answer

A badge is a visual symbol that represents a specific accomplishment or affiliation, in this case, Shanshea's completion of her engineering degree at M.I.T.

Question 11

Jane Jones loves liver and onions. She often sees this dish available in cafeterias; however, she has also overheard fellow cafeteria patrons commenting that "only old people eat liver-how disgusting!" Because of the social criticism that she has overheard, Jane almost never buys liver and onions when she is out in public. Jane would best be characterized as being engaged in ________.
A) high self-monitoring
B) constructing an extended self
C) symbolic self-completion
D) self-image congruence

Accepted Answer

High self-monitoring individuals are more aware of social cues and adjust their self-presentation accordingly. Jane's behavior of avoiding liver and onions in public due to the criticism she has heard from others indicates that she is highly sensitive to social norms and is adjusting her behavior accordingly.

Question 12

________ refers to the possession of both masculine and feminine traits.
A) Heterosexuality
B) Homosexuality
C) Dysmorphia
D) Androgyny

Accepted Answer

Androgyny refers to possessing both masculine and feminine traits or characteristics. Heterosexuality and homosexuality refer to sexual orientation, while dysmorphia refers to a mental disorder characterized by an obsession with a perceived flaw in one's physical appearance.

Question 13

The U.S. government estimates that ________ of American adults are overweight or obese.
A) 25 percent
B) 35 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 66 percent

Accepted Answer

According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 66 percent of American adults are overweight or obese. This is based on a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or higher.

Question 14

Clay often exaggerates his positive qualities on his Facebook updates. He rationalizes the exaggerations by saying, "Who cares what I'm really like anyway?" Clay has separated his ________ self from his ________ self with his exaggerations.
A) outer; public
B) ideal; actual
C) collective; actual
D) ideal; looking-glass

Accepted Answer

The question is referring to Clay's ideal self, as he is exaggerating positive qualities that he wishes he had or wants others to perceive him as having. This is separate from his actual self, which is the true version of himself. Choice A (outer/public) doesn't quite fit as Clay is still presenting this ideal self publicly on Facebook. Choice C (collective/actual) doesn't make sense as the question is asking about two separate selves, not a collective one. Choice D (ideal/looking-glass) is close, but the looking-glass self refers to how others perceive us, and the question is specifically about Clay's own self-perception.

Question 15

Paola is a very conservative businesswoman during the week. However, when she decides to "go out on the town," she likes to party and "kick up her heels." Paola's wardrobe choices are strikingly different for each of these roles. This best illustrates which of the following?
A) Consumers confuse their actual selves with their ideal selves.
B) Consumers have multiple selves.
C) Consumers are always engaged in impression management.
D) Consumers form self-fulfilling prophecies.

Accepted Answer

Paola's behavior and wardrobe choices demonstrate that she has multiple selves - one for her conservative business persona and another for her outgoing party persona. This is an example of how consumers may have different identities or roles they play in different situations, and therefore have multiple selves.

Question 16

Virtually any part of the body is fair game for surgical alteration. Alteration of the ________ has become increasingly popular among Japanese consumers interested in their body image.
A) navel
B) fingers (especially the thumb)
C) length of one's foot
D) ears

Accepted Answer

Navel alteration, also known as umbilicoplasty, has gained popularity in Japan as part of cosmetic procedures to enhance body image.

Question 17

The title of a popular book once proclaimed that Real Men Don't Each Quiche. Products that take on masculine or feminine attributes are said to be ________.
A) agentic
B) sexually explicit
C) sex-typed
D) androgynous

Accepted Answer

Sex-typed products take on masculine or feminine attributes. The example of the book title reinforces the idea that quiche is seen as a feminine food and suggests that real men should not eat it. This demonstrates gendered characteristics assigned to certain products.

Question 18

Researchers believe that the American gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) market is about the same size as the ________ population in the United States.
A) African American
B) Asian American
C) Hispanic
D) Native American

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers believe that the American gay, lesbian,...

Question 19

________ refers to a person's feelings about his or her body.
A) Looking-glass self
B) Self-concept
C) Body cathexis
D) Body image

Accepted Answer

Body cathexis refers to the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction one feels about various parts and aspects of their body.

Question 20

People across all cultures appear to favor physical features that are associated with ________.
A) intellect
B) wealth
C) youth and good health
D) confidence

Accepted Answer

Across cultures, physical features that are associated with youth and good health are generally preferred. This is because these features are often seen as an indication of fertility and genetic fitness, which are important factors in mate selection. Features such as clear skin, symmetrical facial features, and a healthy physique are often seen as attractive because they are indicators of good health and reproductive potential.

Quiz 5: The Self

According to recent research, which of the following is not one of the three American models of masculine identity?

________ refers to a consumer's subjective evaluation of his or her physical self.

Historically, people have most closely associated tattoos with ________.

A(n) ________ is a particular model, or exemplar, of appearance.

Attributes of self-concept can be described along several dimensions. When Rudi Gonzalez sees himself as handsome, Rudi is using the self-concept dimension of ________ to form his view.

People in every culture adorn or alter their bodies in some way. Decorating the self serves a number of purposes. Which of the following is NOT one of those purposes?

Men are more likely to use a woman's body shape as a sexual cue. One explanation of this phenomenon is that feminine curves provide evidence of ________.

A Unilever-sponsored survey that asked American women how they felt about their appearance reported which of the following?

Shanshea worked hard to finish her engineering degree at M.I.T., and she proudly displays a bumper sticker declaring "M.I.T. Engineer" on her car. This bumper sticker is an example of a(n) ________.

________ refers to the possession of both masculine and feminine traits.

The U.S. government estimates that ________ of American adults are overweight or obese.

Clay often exaggerates his positive qualities on his Facebook updates. He rationalizes the exaggerations by saying, "Who cares what I'm really like anyway?" Clay has separated his self from his self with his exaggerations.

Paola is a very conservative businesswoman during the week. However, when she decides to "go out on the town," she likes to party and "kick up her heels." Paola's wardrobe choices are strikingly different for each of these roles. This best illustrates which of the following?

Virtually any part of the body is fair game for surgical alteration. Alteration of the ________ has become increasingly popular among Japanese consumers interested in their body image.

The title of a popular book once proclaimed that Real Men Don't Each Quiche. Products that take on masculine or feminine attributes are said to be ________.

Researchers believe that the American gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) market is about the same size as the ________ population in the United States.

________ refers to a person's feelings about his or her body.

People across all cultures appear to favor physical features that are associated with ________.