In order to effectively manage a bureaucracy, both outputs and outcomes must be

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Both outputs and outcomes must be visible in order to effectively manage a bureaucracy. This means that both the work that the bureaucracy produces (outputs) and the impact that it has (outcomes) must be transparent and measurable. Without visibility into these aspects of the bureaucracy, it is difficult to assess its performance and make informed decisions about how to improve it. Inherent, planned, and included are not necessarily relevant to the effective management of a bureaucracy.

In Order to Effectively Manage a Bureaucracy, Both Outputs and Outcomes