Question 1

Which choice correctly pairs a pioneering woman in psychology with a "first"?

Accepted Answer

Mamie Phipps Clark was a pioneering African American psychologist known for her work on the impacts of race and discrimination on child development, rather than being the first woman of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology, she was notable for her research alongside her husband, Kenneth Clark, which played a role in the Brown v. Board of Education case. However, the correct pairing in the context of being a "first" in psychology is not accurately represented in any of the choices provided. The confusion arises from the phrasing of the options: Mamie Phipps Clark was indeed a pioneering woman in psychology, but she was not the first woman of color to be awarded a PhD in Psychology; that milestone is attributed to Inez Beverly Prosser. Additionally, Mary Whiton Calkins, mentioned in option D, was the first woman to complete all the requirements for a PhD in psychology, but Harvard University refused to award her the degree because of her gender.

Question 2

Perhaps the broadest, most integrative approach in psychology is the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial perspective takes into account biological, psychological, and social factors that interact to shape behavior and mental processes. This approach emphasizes the complex interplay between nature and nurture and recognizes that multiple factors contribute to individual differences and human behavior. The other perspectives listed are narrower in their focus and do not incorporate all three levels of analysis.

Question 3

The cognitive perspective may be said to represent a reaction to the _____ view.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective emphasized the study of mental processes such as attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving, which were largely ignored by the behavioral perspective that focused mainly on observable behavior. Therefore, the cognitive perspective may be said to represent a reaction to the behavioral view.

Question 4

Dr. Petrovic's goal is to help his clients channel their motivation for positive growth and to realize their potential. He is MOST likely a _____ therapist.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Petrovic's focus on helping clients realize their potential and channel their motivation aligns with the principles of humanistic therapy, which emphasizes self-awareness and self-improvement rather than pathology or behavior modification.

Question 5

With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be MOST interested in the:

Accepted Answer

William James, a founder of functionalism, was interested in how emotions and other psychological processes help individuals adapt to their environment.

Question 6

Which psychologist is incorrectly matched with an associated perspective?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky is typically associated with the sociocultural perspective, which focuses on how social and cultural factors influence cognition and development. The biological perspective, on the other hand, emphasizes the role of genetics, brain structure and function, and other biological processes in behavior and mental processes.

Question 7

Currently, women earn ____ percent of the advanced psychology degrees in the United States.

Accepted Answer

According to the American Psychological Association, as of 2019, women earn 75% of advanced psychology degrees in the United States.

Question 8

The advent of brain-imaging techniques has been a boon for the biological and the _____ perspectives in modern-day psychology.

Accepted Answer

Brain-imaging techniques have allowed psychologists to study the biological basis of cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and language, making cognitive perspective stronger with empirical evidence. Brain-imaging techniques have less impact on the psychoanalytic perspective, which focuses on unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences. The sociocultural and humanistic perspectives are more concerned with environmental and subjective factors, respectively, and are less affected by biological data.

Question 9

At the heart of the humanistic perspective is the concept of:

Accepted Answer

The concept of free will is central to the humanistic perspective, which emphasizes the importance of personal choice and the ability of individuals to direct their own lives. Humanists believe that people are capable of making autonomous decisions, and that their choices are not entirely determined by environmental or biological factors. This perspective emphasizes the importance of self-awareness, personal growth, and individual agency.

Question 10

The humanistic perspective represents a reaction to both the _____ and the ______ views.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective is a reaction to psychoanalytic and behavioral views. The psychoanalytic view emphasized the role of unconscious thoughts and behaviors in shaping human experiences, whereas the behavioral view focused on observable behavior and how it is influenced by the environment. The humanistic perspective sought to bring attention to the uniqueness of the individual and their subjective experiences, which were not accounted for in these other perspectives. The cognitive and sociocultural views were not necessarily direct targets of the humanistic perspective, although they have certainly been influenced by it.

Question 11

Owen is asked if he can identify a suspect in a lineup. He thinks his fear at the time of the crime may have impaired his memory for the perpetrator. This hypothesis would MOST likely be tested by a _____ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

This question deals with the impact of fear on memory, which falls under the purview of cognitive psychology - the study of mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. Therefore, the best choice is D) cognitive psychologist.

Question 12

Which early female psychologist might be considered a developmental psychologist?

Accepted Answer

Mamie Phipps Clark is best known for her work on racial identity and its impact on child development, making her contributions significant in the field of developmental psychology.

Question 13

Which contemporary perspective is correctly matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective correctly emphasizes learning through association, reinforcement, and observation, focusing on how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes.

Question 14

Dr. Franklin is examining the association between the experience of discrimination and self-esteem among children and adolescents. Her research reflects the pioneering work of _____, one of psychology's "founding mothers."

Accepted Answer

Mamie Phipps Clark was one of psychology's "founding mothers," known for her pioneering work on the effects of discrimination on self-esteem among children and adolescents. She and her husband, Kenneth Clark, conducted the famous "doll studies," which were instrumental in the Brown v. Board of Education decision that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Question 15

Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of stimuli and reinforcers in the environment-"people, places, and things"-on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on stimuli and reinforcers in the environment is a hallmark of the behavioral perspective in psychology, which focuses on observable behavior and the effects of the environment on behavior.

Question 16

Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think and process information. Which option correctly pairs the psychologists with their respective perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Greenway's focus on observable, measurable behavior aligns with the behavioral perspective, while Dr. Cech's interest in how people think aligns with the cognitive perspective.

Question 17

Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of unconscious motives and conflicts in shaping human behavior. This view is consistent with Noreen's assertion.

Question 18

In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts. This finding supports the _____ perspective in psychology

Accepted Answer

The finding of differences in brain anatomy suggests a biological perspective, which argues that biological factors such as genetics, hormones, and brain structures play a role in shaping behavior and psychological traits.

Question 19

Which psychologist helped pioneer the cognitive perspective?

Accepted Answer

George Miller was a pioneer of the cognitive perspective in psychology. He developed the concept of chunking and conducted research on memory and attention, emphasizing the role of mental processes in behavior. Watson and Rogers were associated with behaviorism and humanistic psychology respectively while Vygotsky was a cultural-historical theorist.

Question 20

In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology's findings could be applied universally. This research sparked the ____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural perspective emerged in the 1980s as research called into question the universality of psychological findings. This perspective emphasizes the impact of cultural and societal factors on behavior and how context can shape an individual's experiences and perceptions.

Quiz 1: An Introduction to Psychology