The roots of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

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The early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages were conducted by Edward Thorndike, who developed the law of effect, which is considered to be the basis of operant conditioning. Watson and Skinner are also closely associated with the development of operant conditioning, but Thorndike's work preceded theirs. Pavlov, on the other hand, is associated with classical conditioning.

The Roots of Operant Conditioning May Be Traced to _____'S