Question 1

With respect to memory, old is to new as anterograde amnesia is to retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of With respect to memory, old is to...

Question 2

Destiny is suffering from anterograde amnesia when she fails to remember anything that occurred immediately following a head injury.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a traumatic event, such as a head injury. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 3

More than 10 million Americans suffer from Alzheimer's disease.

Accepted Answer

As of the latest data, approximately 6 million Americans are living with Alzheimer's disease, not more than 10 million.

Question 4

Anterograde amnesia refers to an inability to develop new memories.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories after the onset of the condition. It is often a result of brain damage or injury, and is different from retrograde amnesia, which affects the ability to recall past memories.

Question 5

Define a) encoding; b) storage; and c) retrieval. Draw an analogy between each of these memory processes and an action one might perform when one uses one's computer. Supply an example of each process from your experience studying for your college courses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define a) encoding; b) storage; and c)...

Question 6

About 35% of girls living in the United States experience childhood sexual abuse.

Accepted Answer

According to the National Sexual Violence Resource Center, approximately 1 in 3 girls in the United States experiences sexual abuse before the age of 18, which is equivalent to approximately 35%.

Question 7

The hippocampus is more involved in encoding than in retrieval.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have suggested that the hippocampus plays a crucial role in the encoding and consolidation of memories, but its involvement in retrieval is less pronounced. Although the hippocampus is still involved in retrieval processes, its activation patterns are different from those seen during encoding tasks.

Question 8

H.M.'s most notable impairment was profound retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

H.M.'s most notable impairment was profound anterograde amnesia, meaning he was unable to form new memories after his surgery. Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of pre-existing memories, which was not the primary issue for H.M.

Question 9

The failure to remember events occurring after an accident or injury is called retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; the failure to remember events after an accident or injury is called anterograde amnesia.

Question 10

The amygdala plays a role in emotionally charged memories.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known for its role in processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression, and is also involved in the formation and storage of emotionally charged memories. Studies have shown that individuals who have damage to the amygdala have difficulty forming and recalling emotionally powerful memories. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 11

Generally speaking, learning strengthens the connections among neurons.

Accepted Answer

Learning can lead to the creation of new neural pathways and the strengthening of existing connections, which can improve cognitive function and memory retention.

Question 12

Scientists have isolated the hippocampus as the site of the engram.

Accepted Answer

The concept of the engram, or the physical trace of memory, is not isolated to the hippocampus alone; it involves multiple brain regions and networks. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in memory formation, but the encoding, storage, and retrieval of memories are distributed processes involving various parts of the brain.

Question 13

Physical exercise yields lasting cognitive benefits for an adult of any age.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown that physical exercise can improve cognitive functioning and delay cognitive decline in adults of all ages. The benefits of exercise on cognitive function can last for years, making it an important lifestyle practice to maintain throughout adulthood.

Question 14

Malik suffers from cerebellar damage; his episodic memory may be impaired as a result.

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum primarily affects balance, coordination, and movement, not episodic memory, which involves the recall of personal experiences and is more closely associated with the hippocampus and related brain structures.

Question 15

Working memory is to implicit memory as prefrontal cortex is to the cerebellum.

Accepted Answer

Working memory and prefrontal cortex are both associated with conscious, intentional processing of information, while implicit memory and the cerebellum are both associated with automatic, unconscious processing.

Question 16

How much information can short-term memory hold, and how long can it hold it? Describe one strategy one might use to overcome the capacity limitation of short-term memory. Provide a concrete example of how one might use this strategy when studying course materials.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How much information can short-term memory hold,...

Question 17

Infantile amnesia may reflect cerebellar immaturity.

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia, the inability of adults to recall personal memories from the first few years of life, is more commonly attributed to the immaturity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, rather than the cerebellum. These brain regions are crucial for memory formation and retrieval.

Question 18

The American Psychological Association endorses the notion that memories of abuse are often repressed.

Accepted Answer

The American Psychological Association (APA) has stated that while some individuals may forget traumatic events, the concept of "repressed memories" (memories of traumatic events that were unconsciously blocked and later recovered) is controversial and not universally accepted within the scientific and psychological communities. The APA emphasizes the complexity of memory and cautions against uncritical acceptance of recovered memories without corroborative evidence.

Question 19

The American Psychological Association asserted that it is possible to create False memories of events that never happened.

Accepted Answer

The American Psychological Association has conducted research and studies that suggest that false memories can be created, resulting in people believing events that never took place.

Question 20

George Sperling conducted experiments in which participants were first exposed briefly to a letter matrix; after a varying interval, an auditory tone cued participants to report the letters contained in a specific row of the matrix. The results indicated that iconic memory accurately codes the spatial location of stimuli and that the information in iconic memory decays after approximately 1 second. Might sensory memory also code other physical stimulus characteristics, such as color or size? Might it code the categorical identity of stimuli, such as whether the stimuli are letters or numbers, upper- or lower-case letters, consonants or vowels, and so on? Does such information decay more rapidly or more slowly from sensory memory than does spatial location information? Describe an original experiment modeled on Sperling's studies that might answer one of these questions. State your hypothesis and identify the pattern of results that might occur.

Accepted Answer

The answer of George Sperling conducted experiments in which participants...

Quiz 6: Learning