In research examining the relationship between birth order and personality, family size is often a(n) _____ variable.

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Family size is a confounding variable because it is related to both birth order and personality. It can make it difficult to determine whether any observed relationship between birth order and personality is actually due to birth order or to the effects of family size. As such, family size needs to be controlled for in studies examining birth order and personality.

In Research Examining the Relationship Between Birth Order and Personality