Question 1

The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. Which of the following cells best illustrates this relationship?
A)a neuron in the spinal cord
B)a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex
C)a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus
D)a brain cell in the cerebral cortex
E)a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus contains neurosecretory cells that produce and secrete hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. This illustrates the relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems, as the hypothalamus is part of the nervous system but also regulates the activity of the pituitary gland, which is an endocrine gland.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is incorrect?
A)It functions as an endocrine gland.
B)It is part of the central nervous system.
C)It is subject to feedback inhibition by certain hormones.
D)It secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the gonads.
E)Its neurosecretory cells terminate in the posterior pituitary.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus does not secrete tropic hormones directly on the gonads. Instead, it secretes releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that regulate the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, which in turn regulate gonadal function.

Question 3

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.
A)hypothalamus; neurohypophysis
B)adenohypophysis; kidneys
C)anterior pituitary; thyroid
D)adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
E)posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin and ADH are both produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary (also known as the neurohypophysis).

Question 4

Which of the following have nontropic effects only?
A)FSH
B)LH
C)TSH
D)MSH
E)ACTH

Accepted Answer

MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) has nontropic effects only, meaning it acts directly on target tissues without stimulating the release of other hormones. The other listed hormones (FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH) have both tropic and nontropic effects.

Question 5

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates which of the following?
A)Prolactin is a nonspecific hormone.
B)Prolactin has a unique mechanism for eliciting its effects.
C)Prolactin is an evolutionary conserved hormone.
D)Prolactin is derived from two separate sources.
E)Prolactin interacts with many different receptor molecules.

Accepted Answer

The fact that prolactin has diverse functions in mammals and freshwater fish, which are distantly related, suggests that prolactin is an evolutionary conserved hormone. This means that prolactin has been conserved during the course of evolution due to its important and conserved functions.

Question 6

Which of the following endocrine disorders is not correctly matched with the malfunctioning gland?
A)diabetes and pancreas
B)giantism and pituitary
C)goiter and adrenal medulla
D)tetany and parathyroid
E)dwarfism and pituitary

Accepted Answer

Goiter is a condition of the thyroid gland, not the adrenal medulla.

Question 7

Which hormone exerts antagonistic action to PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
A)thyroxine
B)epinephrine
C)growth hormone
D)calcitonin
E)glucagon

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin is a hormone that opposes the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by decreasing blood calcium levels. PTH promotes calcium release from bone, reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and activation of vitamin D, all of which raise blood calcium levels. Calcitonin, on the other hand, inhibits bone resorption, decreases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and decreases the formation of vitamin D, which all lead to decreased blood calcium levels. Therefore, calcitonin and PTH have antagonistic actions.

Question 8

Which combination of hormones helps a mother to produce milk and nurse her baby?
A)prolactin and calcitonin
B)oxytocin and prolactin
C)follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D)luteinizing hormone and oxytocin
E)oxytocin, prolactin, and luteinizing hormone

Accepted Answer

Prolactin is responsible for milk production, while oxytocin is responsible for milk ejection or letdown. The combination of these hormones helps a mother to produce milk and nurse her baby.

Question 9

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of
A)releasing hormones.
B)second messengers.
C)third messengers.
D)antibodies.
E)cytokines.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones that travel to the anterior pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to stimulate or inhibit the release of specific hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Question 10

Synthetic versions of which of the following hormones are being used as insecticides to prevent insects from maturing into reproducing adults?
A)ecdysone
B)juvenile hormone
C)oxytocin
D)brain hormone
E)prothoracic hormone

Accepted Answer

Juvenile hormone is used as an insecticide to disrupt insect development by preventing them from maturing into reproducing adults. Synthetic versions of juvenile hormone can be used to mimic the natural hormone and disrupt normal insect development.

Question 11

If a person drinks a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from water toxicity. ADH can help prevent water retention through interaction with target cells in the
A)anterior pituitary.
B)posterior pituitary.
C)adrenal gland.
D)bladder.
E)kidney.

Accepted Answer

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to promote water reabsorption, thus preventing excessive water retention and helping to maintain water balance in the body.

Question 12

Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland(s)require(s)iodine to function properly?
A)parathyroids
B)adrenal
C)thyroid
D)pancreas
E)ovaries and testes

Accepted Answer

The thyroid gland requires iodine to produce thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and other bodily functions.

Question 13

One reason a person might be severely overweight is due to
A)an undersecretion of thyroxine.
B)a defect in hormone release from the posterior pituitary.
C)a lower than normal level of insulin-like growth factors.
D)hyposecretion of oxytocin.
E)a higher than normal level of melatonin.

Accepted Answer

An undersecretion of thyroxine can lead to a decrease in metabolism, causing weight gain and difficulty losing weight.

Question 14

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?
A)parathyroid gland
B)salivary gland
C)sweat gland
D)sebaceous gland
E)gallbladder

Accepted Answer

The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland that secretes parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. The other options are not endocrine glands and have different functions.

Question 15

Which of the following glands shows both endocrine and exocrine activity?
A)pituitary
B)parathyroid
C)salivary
D)pancreas
E)adrenal

Accepted Answer

The pancreas shows both endocrine and exocrine activity. It secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine through its exocrine function and also secretes hormones into the bloodstream, such as insulin and glucagon, through its endocrine function.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect?
A)The parathyroids regulate metabolic rate.
B)The thyroid participates in blood calcium regulation.
C)The pituitary participates in the regulation of the gonads.
D)The adrenal medulla produces "fight-or-flight" responses.
E)The pancreas helps to regulate blood sugar concentration.

Accepted Answer

The parathyroids regulate blood calcium levels, not metabolic rate. The thyroid regulates metabolic rate.

Question 17

Based on their effects, which pair below could be considered antagonistic?
A)prostaglandin F and nitric oxide
B)growth hormone and ecdysone
C)endocrine and exocrine glands
D)hormones and target cells
E)neurosecretory cells and neurotransmitters

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandin F and nitric oxide have opposing effects on smooth muscle contraction. Prostaglandin F stimulates contraction while nitric oxide inhibits it, making them antagonistic.

Question 18

The star of a recent movie was a caterpillar that never matured into an adult. It simply got larger with each molt. What is the probable reason why the caterpillar did not mature into an adult?
A)lack of ecdysone
B)lack of juvenile hormone
C)decreased level of ecdysone
D)increased level of juvenile hormone
E)lack of the melatonin hormone

Accepted Answer

Increased levels of juvenile hormone prevent the caterpillar from maturing into an adult, causing it to continue molting without undergoing metamorphosis.

Question 19

Short blood vessels connect two capillary beds lying in which of the following?
A)hypothalamus and thalamus
B)anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
C)hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
D)posterior pituitary and thyroid gland
E)anterior pituitary and adrenal gland

Accepted Answer

Short blood vessels connect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, forming the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. This allows for the release of hormones from the hypothalamus to act on the anterior pituitary, which then releases hormones that regulate various body functions.

Question 20

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?
A)parathyroid hormone
B)calcitonin
C)epinephrine
D)thyroxine
E)glucagon

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine is directly affected by tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, specifically thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH regulates the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland. The other options are not directly affected by tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

Quiz 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System

The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. Which of the following cells best illustrates this relationship?

Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is incorrect?

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the and stored in the .

Which of the following have nontropic effects only?

Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates which of the following?

Which of the following endocrine disorders is not correctly matched with the malfunctioning gland?

Which hormone exerts antagonistic action to PTH (parathyroid hormone) ?

Which combination of hormones helps a mother to produce milk and nurse her baby?

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of

Synthetic versions of which of the following hormones are being used as insecticides to prevent insects from maturing into reproducing adults?

If a person drinks a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from water toxicity. ADH can help prevent water retention through interaction with target cells in the

Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland(s) require(s) iodine to function properly?

One reason a person might be severely overweight is due to

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

Which of the following glands shows both endocrine and exocrine activity?

Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect?

Based on their effects, which pair below could be considered antagonistic?

The star of a recent movie was a caterpillar that never matured into an adult. It simply got larger with each molt. What is the probable reason why the caterpillar did not mature into an adult?

Short blood vessels connect two capillary beds lying in which of the following?

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?