Question 1

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes.

Accepted Answer

Innate reflexes are those that are present at birth and do not require learning or experience. These reflexes are based on synapses formed during development. Examples of innate reflexes include the reflexes for blinking, swallowing, and coughing, to name a few.

Question 2

A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a

Accepted Answer

A plexus is a network of nerves that interweave and connect to one another. Examples include the brachial plexus and the sacral plexus. A dermatome is a region of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve. A ramus is a branch of a spinal nerve. A ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies, often located outside the central nervous system. A tract refers to a bundle of nerve fibers within the central nervous system.

Question 3

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal inhibition is the process by which spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons, allowing for smooth and coordinated movements. The other options listed do not involve this specific process.

Question 4

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
 
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
-In which structure are sensory cell bodies located?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
 
Use Figure 13-2...

Question 5

Which of the following is not true of polysynaptic reflexes?

Accepted Answer

Polysynaptic reflexes involve multiple muscle groups and not just one.

Question 6

In ________, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons.

Accepted Answer

Divergence in neural circuits means that a single neuron connects to multiple downstream neurons, allowing one signal to be distributed to various parts of the nervous system.

Question 7

Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carriedtothe spinal cord over a(n) ________ ramus.

Accepted Answer

The sensory information would travel from the abdominal region to the spinal cord through the anterior ramus, which carries sensory and motor information for the anterior part of the body.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a way that reflexes are classified?

Accepted Answer

Reflexes are typically classified based on various factors such as their innate or acquired nature, somatic or visceral involvement, monosynaptic or polysynaptic pathways, and spinal or cranial nerve involvement. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are not directly involved in reflex classification.

Question 9

All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they

Accepted Answer

Neural reflexes can be modified by the brain through processes such as habituation and sensitization.

Question 10

All of the following are true of muscle spindles except they

Accepted Answer

Muscle spindles are not found in tendons, but rather within skeletal muscle.

Question 11

The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A reflex arc is the neural pathway that controls a reflex. It includes a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.

Question 12

The most complicated spinal reflexes are called

Accepted Answer

Intersegmental reflex arcs involve communication between multiple segments of the spinal cord, making them more complex than collateral or ipsilateral reflex arcs. Dermatomes and spinal plexuses are not types of reflex arcs.

Question 13

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Neuronal circuit patterns typically refer to the way in which neurons are arranged and connected in the brain. Convergent, divergent, reverberating, and parallel processing are all examples of well-known circuit patterns. However, multipolar refers to the shape of a neuron, with multiple dendrites and one axon, rather than a circuit pattern.

Question 14

You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, tellingyou to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit.

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing involves multiple pathways processing the same information simultaneously, leading to different responses such as pain sensation, hand withdrawal, and auditory comment.

Question 15

Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order:
1) motor neuron activation
2) sensoryneuron activation
3) sensory receptor activation
4) Information processing
5) effector response.

Accepted Answer

The correct order of events in a reflex arc is: 
1) Sensory receptor activation 
2) Sensory neuron activation 
3) Information processing 
4) Motor neuron activation 
5) Effector response. Therefore, the correct order among the given options is B.

Question 16

A motor neuron typically receives input from neurons that originate in various areas of the brain. Thistype of circuit is a

Accepted Answer

A convergent circuit is one in which multiple neurons synapse onto a single neuron. In the case of a motor neuron, it receives input from neurons originating in multiple areas of the brain, which converge onto the motor neuron.

Question 17

The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a

Accepted Answer

A dermatome is the specific strip of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve. The other options are not related to the specific innervation of skin by a spinal nerve.

Question 18

________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles.

Accepted Answer

Somatic reflexes are those that activate skeletal muscles. In contrast, autonomic reflexes regulate involuntary responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Cranial and spinal reflexes are subtypes of somatic reflexes and refer to reflex actions that involve processing in the brainstem or spinal cord, respectively.

Question 19

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex.

Accepted Answer

The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is called the tendon reflex. It occurs when the Golgi tendon organ, located in the tendon of a muscle, detects excessive tension or stretch and sends a signal to the spinal cord to inhibit further contraction of that muscle. This helps prevent injury or damage to the muscle and surrounding tissues.

Question 20

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.

Accepted Answer

The crossed extensor reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. When a painful stimulus activates the flexor reflex, the crossed extensor reflex causes the extensor muscles of the opposite limb to contract, helping to maintain balance and support the weight of the body on the contralateral limb. Choices A, B, C, and E do not fit the description of the reflex being discussed.

Quiz 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes