Question 1

During the Middle Ages,if people ate rye bread tainted by a grain fungus,they would develop a psychotic-like condition,which was attributed to demon possession then,but which we now know as

Accepted Answer

The condition described is ergotism, which is caused by eating rye bread contaminated with the fungus Claviceps purpurea. This fungus produces ergot alkaloids which can cause symptoms such as hallucinations, convulsions, and gangrene. It was often mistaken for demonic possession during the Middle Ages. Anxiolytics and psychotropics are types of medication used to treat anxiety and psychosis, respectively, and trepanning is a surgical procedure involving drilling a hole in the skull. None of these are related to the condition described.

Question 2

During the Middle Ages,the treatment for abnormal behavior often involved physical torture in order to "cast out the evil spirits," which was part of a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

Exorcism was a common treatment for abnormal behavior during the Middle Ages, as it was believed that the person was possessed by evil spirits. This often involved physical torture in order to force the spirits out of the person's body.

Question 3

Which of the following was a primitive procedure that was used to "release evil spirits" and consisted of boring,chipping,or bashing holes in the patients' heads?

Accepted Answer

Trepanning was the primitive procedure used to "release evil spirits" and involved boring, chipping, or bashing holes in the patients' heads. Ergotism is a disease caused by ingestion of fungus-contaminated rye, REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) is a form of psychotherapy, and ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) is a modern psychiatric treatment for severe mental illnesses.

Question 4

Which of the following would be the best definition of psychotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Psychotherapy is a psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality, behavior, or personal adjustment. While drugs may be used in conjunction with psychotherapy, that is not the only method used in psychotherapy. A is incorrect because psychotherapy does not always involve medication. B is incorrect because the improvement in psychotherapy is not solely based on the client's expectation, but rather the therapeutic process and techniques used. D is incorrect because group therapy is only one form of psychotherapy and social networking sites are not typically used as a primary means of therapy.

Question 5

A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality,behavior,or personal adjustment defines

Accepted Answer

Psychotherapy is the only choice that describes a technique for facilitating positive changes in a person's personality, behavior or personal adjustment. Pharmacotherapy involves the use of medication to treat symptoms of mental illness, somatotherapy refers to physical treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery involves the use of surgical procedures on the brain to treat mental illness.

Question 6

Trepanning,as a primitive procedure,involved boring a hole into the skull to

Accepted Answer

Trepanning was believed to relieve pressure from the brain or release malevolent spirits that were causing an individual's symptoms. It was a common practice in ancient cultures and was based on the belief that illness was caused by supernatural factors.

Question 7

As a modern procedure,trepanning,also called trephining,involves

Accepted Answer

Trepanning, also known as trephining, is a surgical procedure that involves drilling a hole in the skull. It has been used throughout history for various reasons, including treating medical conditions such as seizures and relieving pressure on the brain. While modern trepanning is rare, it is still used in some cases as a surgical treatment for certain conditions. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Options A, B, and C are not related to trepanning.

Question 8

Modern analysis of "demonic possession" suggests that many victims were suffering from which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Many of the symptoms exhibited by those who were historically believed to be possessed by demons, such as convulsions, distorted movements, and altered states of consciousness, can be indicative of epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, and dissociative disorders. Therefore, it is likely that many victims of supposed demonic possession were actually suffering from one of these types of conditions.

Question 9

For what is Philippe Pinel most famous?

Accepted Answer

Philippe Pinel is most famous for changing an asylum in Paris into a mental hospital and revolutionizing the treatment of mental illness by promoting more humane and compassionate methods.

Question 10

In 1793,French doctor changed the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris from a squalid "madhouse" into a mental hospital by unchaining the inmates and treating them humanely and compassionately.This French doctor was

Accepted Answer

The French doctor who changed Bicêtre Asylum in Paris from a squalid "madhouse" into a mental hospital by unchaining the inmates and treating them humanely and compassionately was Philippe Pinel. Alfred Binet was a French psychologist known for developing the first practical IQ test. Jean-Martin Charcot was a French neurologist known for his work on hysteria. Paul Sollier was a French physician known for his work on hypnosis.

Question 11

Regarding the ancient approaches for treating mental illness,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

While trepanation, or drilling holes into the skull, was a common ancient practice, it is not true that no person ever survived the procedure. In fact, there is evidence that some people did survive trepanation and may have even lived for many years after the procedure.

Question 12

In Europe,exorcism was used as a treatment at a time when medieval "therapists" focused on which of the following as the cause of abnormal behavior?

Accepted Answer

During medieval times, abnormal behavior was believed to be caused by possession from evil spirits or demons, leading to the use of exorcism as a treatment. Trepanning, the practice of drilling a hole in the skull, was used much earlier in history and in different cultures and was not a focus of medieval therapists. Humanism and Gestaltism are modern psychological approaches that did not exist during medieval times.

Question 13

In what way are trephining and exorcism alike?

Accepted Answer

Both trephining and exorcism were considered approaches for removing evil spirits. Trephining involved drilling a hole in the skull to let the spirits escape, while exorcism involved driving the evil spirits out through prayer or ritual.

Question 14

Regarding ergot,which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Ergot is a fungus that commonly grows on rye and other cereal grains. Consumption of contaminated grains can cause symptoms such as muscle twitches, delirium, and hallucinations.

Question 15

Humane treatment for the mentally ill was brought about by the work of which of the following,who literally unchained the "patients" in a European asylum in 1793?

Accepted Answer

Philippe Pinel, a French physician, was responsible for the humane treatment of mentally ill patients. In 1793, he famously unchained the patients at Bicêtre Asylum in Paris and encouraged more humane and compassionate treatment of the mentally ill. Victor Frankl was a psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor who developed the theory of logotherapy. Fritz Perls was a psychologist who developed Gestalt therapy. Joseph Wolpe was a South African psychiatrist who developed systematic desensitization as a treatment for phobias.

Question 16

During the Middle Ages,abnormal behavior was blamed on supernatural forces,such as possession by the devil and on curses from witches and wizards.Thus,treatments for mental illness in Europe during this time period focused on what is known as

Accepted Answer

During the Middle Ages, abnormal behavior was often attributed to demonic possession or curses caused by witches and wizards. This belief system is known as demonology, and treatments for mental illness during this time period focused on exorcisms and other religious rituals to drive out supposed demons.

Question 17

Regarding exorcism,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Exorcism and ergotism are not similar procedures. Exorcism is a religious ritual to expel evil spirits, while ergotism is a disease caused by eating contaminated rye grain.

Question 18

Ergotism refers to

Accepted Answer

Ergotism is a condition caused by ingesting a fungus called Claviceps purpurea, which contains chemicals that are similar to LSD. Symptoms include hallucinations, convulsions, and gangrene, among others.

Question 19

Who is credited with developing the first true psychotherapy about 110 years ago to treat what he called cases of hysteria?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is credited with developing the first true psychotherapy about 110 years ago to treat what he called cases of hysteria.

Question 20

Regarding trepanning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

While trepanning is no longer commonly used in modern medical practices, it has been used as recently as the 20th century for certain specialized cases. Therefore, the statement that trepanning has not been used as a medical treatment since the early 1800s is false.

Quiz 15: A: Therapies