Question 1

Exposure to cues associated with ignition of drugs or alcoholic beverages in a controlled situation in which the person is prevented from using the drug is known as __________ training.

Accepted Answer

Cue-exposure training involves exposing individuals to cues associated with drug or alcohol use in a controlled setting in order to decrease craving and reduce the likelihood of relapse. Satiation refers to the act of consuming a large amount of a substance in order to reduce future cravings, while cue-satiation is not a recognized term in this context. "Cue" alone is not a complete answer, as it does not describe the specific type of training being discussed.

Question 2

Cue-exposure training involves the use of ________ to treat alcohol dependence.

Accepted Answer

Cue-exposure training involves exposing individuals to alcohol-related cues in a safe and controlled environment, while refraining from alcohol consumption. The repeated exposure to these cues can lead to the extinction of the person's desire to drink. Therefore, extinction procedures are the key element of cue-exposure training. Punishment and aversive conditioning involve negative consequences for drinking, which is not a part of cue-exposure training. Intrinsic rewards involve positive reinforcement for abstaining from alcohol, which is not a part of cue-exposure training either.

Question 3

Whenever Jean drinks alcohol,she is overwhelmed with feelings of pleasure and relaxation.In the classical conditioning model,the pleasurable and relaxing feelings that accompany her ingestion of alcohol represent ________.

Accepted Answer

The pleasurable and relaxing feelings are natural reactions to drinking alcohol, making them an unconditioned response in the classical conditioning model.

Question 4

Research studying modelling effects on drinking has shown that modelling affects ________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that modelling effects on drinking are stronger among individuals with a family history of alcoholism. Thus, young men with family histories of alcoholism are affected more by modelling than young men without family histories of alcoholism.

Question 5

Mimi is a recovering alcoholic.She has one drink and then feels she has "fallen off the wagon" and escalates into a binge of drinking.Mimi's behaviour could be explained as __________.

Accepted Answer

Absolutist thinking refers to thinking in extremes or all-or-nothing terms, which could explain Mimi's belief that having one drink means she has completely "fallen off the wagon" and therefore has no restraint or control over her drinking behavior.

Question 6

Abraham blames his violent behaviour on alcohol rather than taking responsibility for it.Abraham is using alcohol to protect his sense of self- ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Abraham blames his violent behaviour on alcohol...

Question 7

Research shows that ________ exhibit increased salivation to the sight and smell of alcohol.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that people with alcoholism, unlike nonalcoholics, exhibit a conditioned response of increased salivation to cues associated with alcohol, such as its sight and smell. This response is part of the physiological craving mechanism associated with addiction.

Question 8

Cognitive theorists explain the "one-drink" effect as a ________.

Accepted Answer

The "one-drink" effect is explained by cognitive theorists as a self-fulfilling prophecy, where the expectation of alcohol's effects influences a person's behavior and perception, leading them to act in ways that confirm their expectations.

Question 9

Jeanne drinks alcohol because she believes that it reduces tension and helps her relax,become more sociable,and,in general,have a good time.She believes that people like her better when she's had a few drinks and feels she can make more friends when she's drunk than when she's sober.Jeanne's beliefs about what alcohol can do for her represent ________.

Accepted Answer

Outcome expectancies refer to a person's belief about the expected outcomes or consequences of their behavior. In this scenario, Jeanne believes that drinking alcohol will lead to positive outcomes such as reduced tension, increased sociability, and the ability to make more friends.

Question 10

A "stimulus smoker's" smoking would be explained by __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A "stimulus smoker's" smoking would be explained...

Question 11

Recent disordered substance use treatment efforts have focused on ________.

Accepted Answer

Recent efforts in disordered substance use treatment have increasingly focused on addressing relapse, as it is a common challenge in recovery and requires ongoing support and strategies to prevent.

Question 12

Once people become physiologically dependent,__________ comes into play in maintaining a drug habit.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves avoiding a negative consequence or withdrawal symptom by continuing to use the drug. Once someone becomes physically dependent, stopping drug use will result in uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms, so they may continue using to avoid these symptoms, even if they do not necessarily enjoy the effects of the drug anymore. Therefore, negative reinforcement is often at play in maintaining a drug habit once someone becomes physiologically dependent. Positive reinforcement (A) involves seeking out rewarding experiences, which may be less relevant once physical dependence is established. Modelling (C) and socialization (D) may play a role in the initiation of drug use but are less relevant once physiological dependence is established.

Question 13

Whenever Jean hangs around her "drinking buddies," she is overwhelmed with cravings to drink alcohol.In the classical conditioning model,the alcohol represents a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning needed. In this scenario, alcohol naturally triggers cravings without the need for it to be learned, making it the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

According to psychodynamic theorists,smoking is a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic theorists believe that smoking is often related to an oral fixation, which refers to an over-reliance on oral gratification and a fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development. This can result from difficulties during infancy related to nourishment and comfort, leading to an increased desire for oral stimulation later in life. Smoking can provide oral satisfaction through the act of smoking and the taste and sensation of tobacco in the mouth.

Question 15

Expectancies that alcohol will ________ are an especially important factor in prompting adolescent drinking.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Expectancies that alcohol will ________ are an...

Question 16

In an experiment in which both people with alcoholism and social drinkers were informed that they were drinking either alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverages,the crucial factor in how much they drank was ________.

Accepted Answer

The crucial factor in how much they drank was their expectations about what they were drinking. This suggests that the perceived effects of alcohol play a significant role in determining a person's drinking behavior, regardless of whether they have alcoholism or not.

Question 17

The classical conditioning model focuses on the importance of ________ in maintaining drug use behaviours.

Accepted Answer

The classical conditioning model proposes that drug use behaviours become associated with situational cues, such as the environment or people present during drug use. Over time, these cues can become conditioned stimuli that trigger cravings and drug-seeking behaviour, even in the absence of the drug itself. Therefore, situational cues are important in maintaining drug use behaviours.

Question 18

According to psychodynamic theory,alcoholism reflects an ________ personality.

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic theory suggests that alcoholism may reflect an oral-dependent personality, meaning that the individual may be fixated at the oral stage of development and seeking oral gratification through alcohol consumption. This theory suggests that an individual may have difficulty with separation and attachment, and may use alcohol as a coping mechanism to deal with underlying feelings of anxiety or insecurity.

Question 19

People who hold positive expectancies of a drug are ________.

Accepted Answer

People who hold positive expectancies of a drug are more likely to use it and also more likely to use it in larger quantities. Positive expectancies can increase both the likelihood of drug use initiation and the amount consumed.

Question 20

The one-drink hypothesis exemplifies what Aaron Beck calls ________.

Accepted Answer

The one-drink hypothesis exemplifies an absolutist thinking pattern, meaning the belief that there is only one right or wrong answer or way of doing things. The individual with this thinking pattern believes that having even one drink will inevitably lead to negative consequences, without considering other factors such as individual tolerance levels or the context of the situation.

Quiz 7: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders