Question 1

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning,the unconditioned stimulus was one that caused

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that naturally triggers an unlearned response or reflex (unconditioned response or UCR). For example, in Pavlov's famous experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the presentation of food, which naturally caused the dogs to salivate without any prior training or conditioning. Thus, choice C is the correct answer.

Question 2

In psychology,learning is generally defined in terms of

Accepted Answer

Learning is typically defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. This definition emphasizes that the change in behavior must be lasting, rather than just a temporary alteration due to a specific circumstance. Option A is similar, but does not have the emphasis on permanence. Option C refers to maturation, which is a natural process of development, rather than learning. Option D is too broad, as it encompasses all kinds of behavioral changes, regardless of whether they resulted from experience or not. Option E is too narrow, as not all changes in behavior that help an organism adjust to its environment are necessarily permanent.

Question 3

To achieve classical conditioning,you should pair

Accepted Answer

To achieve classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus needs to be paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.

Question 4

In classical conditioning,a conditioned response can weaken and eventually disappear.This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The weakening or disappearance of a conditioned response in classical conditioning is called extinction.

Question 5

Marcel sat at a cafe eating the best croissant he had ever tasted.He begins frequenting the café to order the croissants.He hardly notices the jingling of the cash register just before the clerk hands him the croissant.Now every time he hears the same kind of jingling from another cash register,his mouth waters.Marcel's learning is an example of

Accepted Answer

Marcel's learning is an example of classical conditioning, where he associates the sound of the cash register (a neutral stimulus) with the pleasure of eating the croissant (an unconditioned stimulus), leading to a conditioned response (mouth watering).

Question 6

Most psychologists define learning as

Accepted Answer

Most psychologists define learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. This definition emphasizes the importance of experience in bringing about a change in behavior that lasts over time. Options A, B, C, and D are either too broad, too limited, or do not emphasize the role of experience in learning.

Question 7

Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with classical conditioning. He conducted the famous experiments with dogs and discovered the phenomenon of conditioned reflexes.

Question 8

In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov,a buzzer or tone serves as a(n)

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to eventually become a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response. In this case, the buzzer or tone starts off as a neutral stimulus (meaning it does not elicit the desired response) but through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (such as food), it becomes associated with the unconditioned response (such as salivation) and eventually causes a conditioned response (such as salivation to the sound of the buzzer or tone). Therefore, the buzzer or tone serves as a neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

To psychologists,learning involves

Accepted Answer

Psychologists define learning as relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience. This definition specifically excludes reflex actions and changes that result solely from maturation or natural development, making options A, B, C, and D incorrect.

Question 10

Classical conditioning is best described as learning by

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a form of learning that involves the association between two stimuli. This means that one stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) becomes associated with another stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) in order to produce a particular response. For example, Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell (conditioned stimulus) with the delivery of food (unconditioned stimulus), which caused them to salivate (response) even just to the sound of the bell alone.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the nature of learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning is generally considered to be an adaptive process, meaning that it allows individuals to adjust their behavior in response to changes in their environment. However, not all learned behaviors are necessarily permanent, as they can sometimes be forgotten or extinguished. Therefore, option C accurately reflects the nature of learning as being adaptive and involving enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in behavior.

Question 12

Dr.Emmanuel demonstrates a typical Pavlovian conditioning experiment for his psychology class.Emmanuel pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus and then asks the class,"What is the neutral stimulus called now?" The correct answer is

Accepted Answer

The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.

Question 13

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink.If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer,eventually the buzzer will cause a blink.In this example,the buzzer begins as the _____ and eventually becomes the ______.

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, the puff of air is the unconditioned stimulus, which causes the reflexive blink (unconditioned response). The buzzer initially has no effect on the blink response and is a neutral stimulus. However, when the buzzer is repeatedly presented before the puff of air, it becomes associated with the puff of air and starts to elicit the blink response on its own. At this point, the buzzer has become the conditioned stimulus. Therefore, the correct choice is A, where the buzzer begins as the neutral stimulus and eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Pavlov found that the strength of a conditioned response increased with the number of pairings of the

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's classical conditioning theory states that a conditioned response (CR) is developed through repeated pairings of the conditioned stimulus (CS) with the unconditioned stimulus (US). Therefore, the strength of the conditioned response increases with the number of pairings of the CS and US. Thus, choice B, CS and US, is the correct answer.

Question 15

A puff of air to the eye causes a reflexive blink.If you precede the puff of air with a buzzer,eventually the buzzer will cause a blink.In this example,the puff of air is called the

Accepted Answer

The puff of air is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally (without prior learning) triggers the reflexive blink response.

Question 16

Ivan Pavlov's initial research work was in the study of

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's initial research work was on digestive processes in dogs, specifically on how they salivated in response to food. He noticed that the dogs would begin to salivate even before the food was presented, leading to the discovery of classical conditioning.

Question 17

A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A reflexive reaction triggered by a stimulus is an unconditioned response, which is an involuntary reaction to a stimulus that occurs naturally without any prior learning or training. A conditioned response involves learned behavior based on associations between multiple stimuli. An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. A neutral response is a response that is neither positive nor negative. An operant response is a learned behavior that is reinforced or punished based on its consequences.

Question 18

In psychology,learning is generally defined as

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience, such as acquiring new information, developing new behaviors, or refining processes already in place. The other options either do not capture the specific definition of learning, are too broad, or more focused on other processes such as maturation or adaptation.

Question 19

Learning in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a reflexive response is called

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning through the association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a learned (conditioned) response to the formerly neutral stimulus. The other options involve different types of learning or associations.

Question 20

Which pattern best describes what happens once classical conditioning occurs?

Accepted Answer

Once classical conditioning occurs, the conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits the conditioned response (CR). This means that the previously neutral stimulus (NS) that was paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) is now able to produce a learned response (CR) without the presence of the US. The answer choice B reflects this process.

Quiz 5: Learning