Why did the Supreme Court strike down an affirmative action program in Gratz v.Bollinger (2003)but uphold a different affirmative action program in Grutter v.Bollinger (2003)?

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The Supreme Court struck down the Gratz program because it used a mechanical, point-based system that awarded extra points to applicants solely based on race and did not consider individualized, holistic factors. However, the Supreme Court upheld the Grutter program because it used race as part of an individualized, holistic review that considered a range of factors, including an applicant's background and experiences, to promote diversity in higher education. The key difference between the two programs was the approach to considering race in the admissions process. The Gratz program was seen as too rigid and mechanical, while the Grutter program was viewed as flexible and nuanced.

Why Did the Supreme Court Strike Down an Affirmative Action