Question 1

A(n) __________ is violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one specific target.

Accepted Answer

A riot is specifically characterized by violent crowd behavior that is not directed at a specific target. Mobs, collectivities, and aggregates all refer to groups of people, but they do not necessarily imply violence or lack of direction.

Question 2

The term __________ refers to nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

Accepted Answer

Civil disobedience refers to nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it. Civil insubordination may also involve breaking the law but is often seen as more confrontational and aggressive, while civil rebellion involves an attempt to overthrow or challenge the government. Civil dismissiveness is not a commonly used term in relation to political action or protest.

Question 3

Sociologists McPhail and Wohlstein added __________ crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer. These types of crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals.

Accepted Answer

McPhail and Wohlstein added protest crowds to the four types identified by Blumer, which engage in political activities with specific goals in mind. The other options (militant, rebel, and revolutionary crowds) may share similar characteristics to protest crowds, but they are not the specific type identified by McPhail and Wohlstein.

Question 4

From the perspective of __________, individuals with similar characteristics or attitudes seek others who are similar with whom they can express their predispositions to behave and feel in different ways.

Accepted Answer

Convergence theory suggests that individuals with similar characteristics or attitudes seek others who are similar with whom they can express their predispositions to behave and feel in different ways. This can lead to the formation of subcultures or cliques within larger groups, where individuals reinforce each other's beliefs and behaviors.

Question 5

__________ can arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control, such as a major disruption in the economy. Although they are relatively rare, they receive massive media coverage because they evoke strong feelings of fear in readers and viewers.

Accepted Answer

The description given matches the characteristics of a panic, which is a sudden and widespread fear or anxiety that can occur in response to an event perceived as threatening, uncontrollable or unpredictable. Mobs, aggregates, and riots do not necessarily have this same association with fear or lack of control.

Question 6

Sit-ins, marches, boycotts, blockades, and strikes are all examples of __________ crowds.

Accepted Answer

Sit-ins, marches, boycotts, blockades, and strikes are all nonviolent forms of protest used to bring attention to social or political issues. Therefore, protest crowds is the most appropriate option. Civil rights, revolutionary, and militant crowds are more specific types of protest crowds that may or may not use these tactics.

Question 7

A(n) __________ is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior.

Accepted Answer

Panic is the correct term for a situation where a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior. This reaction is typically sudden and intense, leading to irrational and chaotic behavior among the affected individuals.

Question 8

The first U.S. sociologist to investigate crowd behavior was __________.

Accepted Answer

Robert Park was the first U.S. sociologist to investigate crowd behavior.

Question 9

Applying convergence theory in his study of a lynch mob, social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that __________.

Accepted Answer

Convergence theory suggests that individuals with similar characteristics and beliefs are likely to come together and form groups. Cantril's study of a lynch mob found that the participants shared traits that made them susceptible to join the mob even when they didn't know the target of the lynching, indicating convergence theory could be applied to explain their behavior.

Question 10

When a gunman recently shot into a crowded movie theater in Colorado, what occurred in the theater would be termed a(n) __________.When a gunman recently shot into a crowded movie theater in Colorado, what occurred in the theater would be termed a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

A panic is a sudden, overwhelming fear that can spread quickly among groups of people. In this situation, the shooter caused people to panic and try to flee or hide for their safety. A mob is a group of people who come together for a specific purpose or cause, and a riot involves violent behavior and destruction of property. An aggregate is simply a collection of individuals without any specific purpose or interaction among them.

Question 11

According to sociologist Robert Park, social unrest is transmitted by a process of __________, in which one person's discontent is communicated to another, who, in turn, reflects the discontent back to the first person.

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is known as circular reaction. This term was coined by Robert Park and refers to the way in which social unrest is spread through communication between individuals, who reflect their discontent back and forth to each other. This process helps to explain how social movements and collective action can emerge as people become increasingly aware of and unified in their shared grievances.

Question 12

In the 1960s, African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demand social change. When these protests escalated into violent confrontations, these groups became __________ crowds.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1960s, African American students and...

Question 13

__________ theory emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior.

Accepted Answer

Emergent norm theory proposes that crowd behavior arises from the development of new social norms in a crowd setting. The norms emerge as individuals interact and develop common goals or understandings of how to behave in the situation. This theory suggests that crowd behavior is not solely driven by individual psychology or contagion of emotions, but rather by the norms that develop within the crowd.

Question 14

Contagion theory holds that_____________________.

Accepted Answer

Contagion theory posits that crowds have a transformative effect on individuals, causing them to shed their individual identities and take on a new, collective identity. This collective identity often leads to behavior that is more extreme or uninhibited than what any individual would do on their own. The behavior of individuals in the crowd can also be contagious, spreading rapidly to others in the group.

Question 15

__________ was a French scholar and one of the first social scientists to theorize about explanations for crowd behavior.

Accepted Answer

Gustave Le Bon is known for his work on the psychology of crowds in his book "The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind" where he explored the idea that individuals lose their sense of self and individuality when part of a crowd and become susceptible to suggestion and influence.

Question 16

__________ argued that people are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable.

Accepted Answer

Le Bon developed the theory of collective behavior, which explains that people act differently in a group or crowd because they lose their individuality and become anonymous, making them feel invulnerable and less accountable for their actions. This phenomenon is known as deindividuation and can lead to antisocial behaviors.

Question 17

Sometimes acts of civil disobedience become violent, as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers. In this case, a protest crowd becomes a/an __________ crowd.

Accepted Answer

An acting crowd is characterized by collective violence, such as rioting or looting, resulting from frustration and aggression towards a particular target, such as police officers or property. It is different from a conventional crowd, which is orderly and peaceful, or an expressive crowd, which is focused on celebrating or expressing a particular emotion, such as joy or grief. A casual crowd is a group of people who have no intentional or organized purpose for gathering.

Question 18

The perspective of __________ suggests that people with similar attributes find a collectivity of like-minded persons with whom they can express their underlying personal tendencies.

Accepted Answer

Convergence theory proposes that people with similar attributes, such as interests or values, will come together and form groups that allow them to express their shared tendencies. This theory emphasizes the importance of similarity and attraction in group formation.

Question 19

The looting and other behavior that took place in Los Angeles after the Rodney King trial and celebrations that turn violent after some sporting events are both examples of __________.

Accepted Answer

The looting in Los Angeles and violent celebrations after sporting events are examples of riots, which are characterized by a large group of people engaging in destructive and violent behavior. Mobs are a more general term for a large group of people, and collectivities are groups that share a common interest but may not necessarily engage in collective behavior. Aggregates are simply a large number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but are not necessarily interacting or behaving collectively.

Question 20

__________ focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; it attempts to explain how moods, attitudes, and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others.

Accepted Answer

Contagion theory focuses on how emotions, attitudes, and behavior can spread rapidly through a group or society, often without conscious thought or consideration. It suggests that individuals in a group can become caught up in a collective emotional state, leading to impulsive and often irrational actions.

Quiz 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change