Question 1

One focus of educational intervention treatments is to

Accepted Answer

Educational intervention treatments aim to teach prosocial and self-regulating behaviors to youth. While providing a supportive relationship, reducing conflicts at home, and combining other treatments can be beneficial, the primary focus is on teaching these specific behaviors.

Question 2

Children with ADHD display deficits in ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Children with ADHD display deficits in ____.
...

Question 3

Neurobiological research on the causes of ADHD has shown consistent support for the implication of the

Accepted Answer

Neurobiological research indicates that the frontostriatal circuitry, which includes the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, is implicated in ADHD. Dysfunction within this circuitry may contribute to deficits in executive functions such as attention, inhibition, and working memory. The other brain areas listed (limbic system, hippocampus, and reticular activating system) may also play a role in ADHD, but they are not consistently supported by neurobiological research.

Question 4

With regard to the onset of symptoms of ADHD, ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  With regard to the onset of symptoms...

Question 5

What does research into the negative influence of family on ADHD symptomatology indicate?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that while familial factors might not be the primary cause of ADHD, they can influence the severity of certain symptoms, suggesting a nuanced role in the condition's expression.

Question 6

What were the results of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA Study)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of  What were the results of the Multimodal...

Question 7

When utilizing educational interventions, disruptive or off-task classroom behaviors may be punished with ____ that involve the loss of privileges, activities, points, or tokens following inappropriate behavior.

Accepted Answer

Response-cost procedures involve the loss of privileges, activities, points, or tokens following inappropriate behavior. This can act as a punishment for disruptive or off-task classroom behaviors and can help improve behavior over time. Option A, partial-response procedures, refers to reinforcement for behaviors that come close to the desired behavior but do not quite meet it. Option B, all-or-nothing procedures, refers to situations where behavior must meet a specific criteria to receive reinforcement. Option D, delayed-cost procedures, involves a delay in punishment rather than an immediate response.

Question 8

Minor physical anomalies and other risk factors before, during, and after birth are specific risk factors for ____.

Accepted Answer

Minor physical anomalies and other risk factors before, during, and after birth have been associated with increased risk for various forms of psychopathology, including ADHD, conduct disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and others.

Question 9

Twin studies suggest that ____ factors play the largest role in accounting for ADHD.

Accepted Answer

Twin studies have shown that ADHD is highly heritable, meaning that genetic factors play a significant role in the development of the disorder. Shared environmental factors (such as parenting style or socio-economic status) and nonshared environmental factors (such as individual experiences or peer relationships) also play a role, but not as significant as heritability. Cultural factors may influence the prevalence or presentation of ADHD, but they are not the primary factors accounting for the disorder.

Question 10

Stimulant medications work by ____.

Accepted Answer

Stimulant medications are believed to work by altering neurotransmitter activity in the frontostriatal region of the brain, which helps to stimulate areas that are underaroused in people with ADHD. This can improve attention, focus, and impulse control.

Question 11

One exemplary intensive intervention for ADHD, developed by Dr. William Pelham, is known as the

Accepted Answer

The summer treatment program developed by Dr. William Pelham is an intensive intervention for ADHD that involves behavioral, academic, and social interventions in a structured environment. The program includes daily behavioral report cards, social skills training, academic tutoring, and medication management. It has been shown to be effective in improving ADHD symptoms and academic and social functioning in children with ADHD. Parent management training (PMT) and school-based intervention programs may also be effective, but they are not developed by Dr. William Pelham specifically. Stimulant medication intensive treatment programs are not a recommended intervention as they are not comprehensive enough and may not address all areas of impairment associated with ADHD.

Question 12

In Hoover and Milich's study (1994), mothers who (erroneously) believed that their children had ingested sugar ____.

Accepted Answer

Hoover and Milich (1994) found that mothers who thought their children had consumed sugar were more critical and perceived them as more hyperactive compared to mothers who did not believe their children had ingested sugar. This demonstrates the power of expectations on perceptions of behavior.

Question 13

Causes for the controversy over Ritalin and other stimulants include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Research generally supports the benefits of stimulants for ADHD, though there are concerns about side effects and over-prescription.

Question 14

Individuals with ADHD are typically identified as ADHD and referred for special assistance during the __________.

Accepted Answer

ADHD is usually identified during elementary school years when children may struggle with classroom behavior and academic performance. Teachers and parents may notice symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, leading to a referral for special assistance or evaluation for ADHD. While some individuals may not receive a diagnosis until adolescence or adulthood, early identification and treatment can be beneficial.

Question 15

Which is true of the course of ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that many adults with ADHD were never diagnosed in childhood. The other options are false: A) ADHD can be diagnosed in children as young as 4 years old, B) only a minority of children outgrow their symptoms, and D) signs of ADHD can be present as early as age 2.

Question 16

An educational intervention for ADHD may include ____.

Accepted Answer

Giving written and oral instructions in the classroom is an educational intervention for ADHD.

Question 17

Mothers of children with ADHD often describe their children as being ____ as infants.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infants who later develop ADHD may be more difficult as babies, showing increased irritability, feeding problems, and sleep difficulties compared to infants who do not develop ADHD.

Question 18

Research into causal factors provides strong evidence for ADHD as a disorder with ____ determinants.

Accepted Answer

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component.

Question 19

DRD4, the dopamine receptor gene, has been linked to ____.

Accepted Answer

DRD4 has been linked to increased impulsivity, which can be associated with ADHD and substance abuse.

Question 20

Which of the following is most likely to cause ADHD?

Accepted Answer

No single theory has been able to identify a cause of ADHD. It is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. While some environmental factors (such as exposure to lead) have been associated with an increased risk of ADHD, there is no evidence linking factors such as sugar or fluorescent lighting to the disorder. The impact of school environment on ADHD is also complex and not fully understood.

Quiz 8: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)