Question 1

How are laboratory experiments subject to threats to validity?

Accepted Answer

Correct C: Laboratory experiments,because of better control,have stronger internal validity but more threats to external validity.
Incorrect A: Laboratory experiments increase threats to external validity but lower them for internal validity.
Incorrect B: Laboratory experiments lower threats to internal validity.
Incorrect D: Because of control,laboratory experiments decrease threats to internal validity and increase them for external validity.

Question 2

What technique could best control for antecedent variables in a study using true or classic experimental design?

Accepted Answer

Correct D: Random assignment to groups helps ensure that groups will be similar on antecedent variables.
Incorrect A: Manipulation of the independent variable could not control something that had occurred before the study.
Incorrect B: Manipulation of the dependent variable could not control something that had occurred before the study.
Incorrect C: After-only data collection would not control antecedent variables.

Question 3

A nurse researcher is conducting an experimental study on self-care behaviors of subjects related to hygienic practices when dining in restaurants.Which of the following characteristics or factors could be antecedent or intervening variables? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct A: Subjects' ethnicity may affect the dependent variable.
Correct C: A recent change in a subject's health status would likely affect choice of diet.
Correct D: Subjects' educational level may affect the dependent variable.
Incorrect B: Location of the restaurants would likely not affect the dependent variable.

Question 4

Why would a nurse researcher prefer quasi-experimental studies over experimental studies?

Accepted Answer

Correct D: Quasi-experimental studies are more adaptable to real-world settings,where randomization is difficult or impossible.
Incorrect A: Sample size is determined by power analysis rather than design.
Incorrect B: Quasi-experimental designs are not as strong as experimental designs.
Incorrect C: Descriptive statistics can be used for both quasi-experimental and experimental studies.

Question 5

A research study in a laboratory setting incorporates four groups (two control and two experimental)in which only one experimental or control group set is pretested,whereas all four groups are posttested.Which description(s)of the design would be most accurate? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct A: It is Solomon-four group,an example of experimental design.
Correct E: The example is a description of Solomon-four group design.
Incorrect B: After-only design does not use pretesting.
Incorrect C: Field experiments are done in real-world settings.
Incorrect D: Quasi-experimental design does not involve use of four groups.

Question 6

A study was conducted to determine whether a videotaped instruction was more effective than a pamphlet in teaching menopausal women the benefits of annual mammograms.Which condition could be considered an antecedent variable?

Accepted Answer

Correct A: An antecedent variable is something that occurs before the study but can affect the outcome and confuse results.
Incorrect B: The neighborhood effect would occur during the study data collection,not before the study.
Incorrect C: Flu shots would not have occurred before the study but during it.
Incorrect D: Sample size would be a factor occurring during the study,not before it.

Question 7

A researcher collects data on subjects at baseline,1 month,3,6,9,and 12 months following institution of a weight-reduction treatment.Which descriptions are appropriate for this study's design? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct A: As described,the study could be either an experimental or quasi-experimental design.
Correct B: Data are collected multiple times before and after an intervention in time series design.
Incorrect C: A priori refers to controlling variables before initiating a treatment.
Incorrect D: Cross-sectional design refers to data collection across groups at one point in time.
Incorrect E: Descriptive design does not involve a treatment and does not necessarily use multiple data collection times.

Question 8

A nurse researcher is planning a quantitative study to test the effect of a new wound product on wound healing.What factors are necessary to implement an experimental pretest-posttest design? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct B: Pretest data must be possible for use of this design.
Correct E: Randomization must be possible to both treatment and control groups.
Incorrect A: A second control group is not necessary for pretest-posttest design.
Incorrect C: Two posttest data collection times are not necessary; only one is needed.
Incorrect D: Randomization must be possible to both treatment and control groups.

Question 9

A research study is being conducted to analyze the effect of nutritional supplementation and type of selected support surface on rate of wound healing in sacral myocutaneous flap failures.Which of the following variables is an independent variable in this study? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct D: Nutritional supplementation is one of the specified interventions or treatments (independent variable).
Correct E: Type of support surface is also one of the specified interventions or treatments (independent variable).
Incorrect A: Rate of wound healing is the dependent variable.
Incorrect B: Sacral myocutaneous flap failure is a type of wound.
Incorrect C: Retailer of protein supplement is too specific to be considered an independent variable.

Question 10

Which research designs could be classified as experimental designs? (Select all that apply).

Accepted Answer

Correct A: This would be considered an experimental design.
Correct B: This would be considered an experimental design.
Correct F: This would be considered an experimental design.
Incorrect C: This would be considered a quasi-experimental design.
Incorrect D: This would be considered a quasi-experimental design.
Incorrect E: This would be considered a quasi-experimental design.

Question 11

Which research designs could be classified as quasi-experimental designs? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct C: This would be considered to be a quasi-experimental design.
Correct D: This would be considered to be a quasi-experimental design.
Correct E: This would be considered to be a quasi-experimental design.
Correct G: This would be considered to be a quasi-experimental design.
Incorrect A: This would be considered an experimental design.
Incorrect B: This would be considered an experimental design.
Incorrect F: This would be considered an experimental design.

Question 12

Which area(s)would be considered to be a weakness of quasi-experimental research designs? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct B: Quasi-experiments' primary weakness is the weakened confidence in making causal assertions.
Correct C: Quasi-experiments are particularly subject to contamination by internal validity.
Correct F: Because of quasi-experiments' weakened ability to make causal assertions,findings may in fact be the result of other extraneous variables.
Incorrect A: This would be a weakness of experimental research designs.
Incorrect D: This would be a weakness of experimental research designs.
Incorrect E: This would be a weakness of experimental research designs.

Question 13

When would a quasi-experimental research design be preferable to an experimental design?

Accepted Answer

Correct D: Quasi-experimental studies are more adaptable to real-world settings,where randomization is difficult or impossible.
Incorrect A: Sample size is determined by power analysis rather than design.
Incorrect B: Quasi-experimental designs are not as strong as experimental designs.
Incorrect C: Descriptive statistics can be used for both quasi-experimental and experimental studies.

Question 14

Which designs would be considered experimental? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct B: This is an experimental design.
Correct C: This is an experimental design.
Correct E: This is an experimental design.
Incorrect A: This is a quasi-experimental design.
Incorrect D: This is a quasi-experimental design.
Incorrect F: This is a quasi-experimental design.
Incorrect G: This is a quasi-experimental design.

Question 15

Which designs would be considered quasi-experimental? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct A: This is a quasi-experimental design.
Correct D: This is a quasi-experimental design.
Correct F: This is a quasi-experimental design.
Correct G: This is a quasi-experimental design.
Incorrect B: This is an experimental design.
Incorrect C: This is an experimental design.
Incorrect E: This is an experimental design.

Question 16

A nurse researcher is weighing the option of using an experimental or quasi-experimental design for a study.The researcher recognizes that quasi-experiments may lack which elements? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Correct B: Quasi-experiments may lack random assignments to groups.
Correct D: Quasi-experiments may lack use of a control group.
Incorrect A: A dependent variable is not manipulated in experimental or quasi-experimental studies.
Incorrect C: An experimental group has to be used in a quasi-experiment.
Incorrect E: Both experiments and quasi-experiments require manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 17

How are field experiments subject to threats to validity?

Accepted Answer

Correct B: Field studies,because they are conducted in real settings,are stronger in external validity but have more threats to internal validity.
Incorrect A: Field experiments decrease threats to external validity.
Incorrect C: Field experiments increase threats to internal validity because they are less controlled.
Incorrect D: Field experiments increase threats to internal validity because they are less controlled.

Quiz 8: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs