Question 1

Pylyshyn argued that imagery is a(n) _____, and that imagery is _____.

Accepted Answer

Pylyshyn argued that imagery is an epiphenomenon, meaning it is a byproduct of cognitive processes that does not have a causal role. He also proposed that imagery is propositional, suggesting that it is represented in the mind through abstract, language-like descriptions rather than spatial or pictorial formats.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an example of a visual image?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Researchers have found that, in regard to imagery and problem-solving, people take longer to imagine something changing if the movements required are _____.

Accepted Answer

People take longer to imagine longer movements and changes than they do for shorter movements and changes.

Question 4

_____ imagery is to what one would see walking through the environment as _____ imagery is to a maplike image overview of the environment.

Accepted Answer

Scenographic imagery refers to a detailed and vivid mental image of a specific scene or environment, while abstract imagery is more generalized and conceptual. Walking through an environment would likely create a scenographic image, while a map-like overview would be more abstract. Therefore, the correct answer is B, where scenographic imagery is associated with walking through the environment and abstract imagery is associated with a map-like image overview of the environment. The other options do not accurately describe the comparison between the two types of imagery.

Question 5

Amanda is asked to study a list of words and recall them afterwards. She ends up having an easier time remembering the word set "cat; notebook desk;" than the word set "void; inherent; hypothetical." This illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

The concreteness effect refers to the phenomenon where concrete, tangible words (like "cat" and "desk" in this example) are easier to remember than abstract words (like "void" and "hypothetical").

Question 6

Stephen Kosslyn believes that mental images are represented _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Stephen Kosslyn and his research on the nature of mental images, they are represented spatially, with different parts of the brain being activated as if "seeing" an image.

Question 7

The _____ suggests that _____ are better remembered than _____.

Accepted Answer

The picture superiority effect suggests that pictures are better remembered than words.

Question 8

The idea that information is represented nonspatially in the mind is called a _____.

Accepted Answer

Propositional representation is the idea that information is represented in the mind without reference to spatial relationships. This differs from spatial representation, which involves mental imagery of objects and their spatial relationships. Hallucination and auditory image do not accurately describe the concept of nonspatial representation.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an example of imagery?

Accepted Answer

Losing the ability to see is not an example of imagery as it does not involve any sensory imagery of sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches.

Question 10

Which of the following is the most accepted view of mental imagery?

Accepted Answer

Kosslyn's spatial view is the most widely accepted view of mental imagery, which proposes that mental images are essentially visual images that resemble real-world objects and scenes. This view has been supported by numerous experiments and neuroimaging studies. Pylyshyn's propositional view suggests that mental imagery is not based on mental representations of visual images, but rather on propositional representations that describe abstract features of the object or scene. However, this view is less accepted in the field of cognitive psychology.

Question 11

To support the notion that mental imagery is spatial, Kosslyn asked participants to move about an island. He believed that participants would take _____ to travel for _____ distances.

Accepted Answer

Kosslyn's theory of mental imagery proposes that mental images are spatial in nature and are processed in much the same way as physical images. He carried out an experiment where he asked participants to imagine traveling around an island, and expected that as the imagined distance increased, the time taken to travel that distance would also increase. The results supported his theory that mental imagery involves spatial processes, as participants took longer to travel for longer distances in their imagination. Therefore, the best answer is B: more time for longer distances.

Question 12

Nonvisual imagery includes all of the following except _____.

Accepted Answer

Nonvisual imagery excludes anything related to visual information, so the correct answer is A, which includes visual information. The other options (B, C, and D) are all forms of nonvisual imagery.

Question 13

It is thought that pictures produce automatic encoding in ____, whereas words produce automatic encoding in _____.

Accepted Answer

Pictures are typically encoded automatically in both visual and verbal modalities, while words are usually encoded automatically in only the verbal modality.

Question 14

Imagery is an example of a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Imagery is a mnemonic device used to enhance memory by creating vivid mental images.

Question 15

All of the following are cognitive tasks that imagery is related to EXCEPT _____.

Accepted Answer

Imagery is not related to sleeping, as it is a physiological process rather than a cognitive task.

Question 16

When Kosslyn had participants access different locations of an object or scene, he called this a _____ task.

Accepted Answer

Kosslyn's task involved the mental process of traveling to and accessing different locations in an object or scene, hence the term "mental travel" would be the most appropriate choice. Mental visual, mental imagination, and mental hallucination may be related to mental processes involved in other tasks but do not specifically match the task described by Kosslyn.

Question 17

Images are most often _____.

Accepted Answer

Images are visual, meaning that they are primarily related to sight and are seen with the eyes.

Question 18

_____ objects are easier to remember whereas _____ objects are harder to remember.

Accepted Answer

Concrete objects are easier to remember because they can be seen, touched, and experienced in the real world. Abstract objects, on the other hand, are more difficult to remember because they are not as easily accessible to our senses.

Question 19

Stacy thinks if athletes mentally imagine themselves practicing their basketball free throws, they will get better at it in real life. This supports the _____.

Accepted Answer

Stacy's belief aligns with the Motor Imagery theory, which suggests that imagining a motor skill without physically performing it can improve one's performance in real-life situations.

Question 20

In the _____, words that rhyme with numbers are used as place holders in an ordered list.

Accepted Answer

This technique is called the pegword mnemonic, which uses rhyming words with numbers to aid in memorization and recall of ordered lists. Examples include "one bun, two shoe, three tree" etc.

Quiz 8: Imagery

Pylyshyn argued that imagery is a(n) _, and that imagery is _.