Question 1

In a Pepsi project the researcher is interested in examining the effect of humor and the effect of various levels of brand information on advertising effectiveness.Three levels of humor (no humor,some humor,and high humor)are to be examined.Likewise,brand information is to be manipulated at three levels (low,medium,and high).The resulting table would be three rows (levels of information)by three columns (levels of humor),producing nine possible combinations or cells.The respondents would be randomly assigned to one of the nine cells.Respondents in each cell would receive a specific treatment combination.After exposure to a treatment combination,measures would be obtained on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising,brand,and the celebrity from respondents in each cell.To which category of design does this fall into?
A) statistical regression design
B) recombinant design
C) static group design
D) one-shot case study
E) factorial design

Accepted Answer

This is a factorial design because there are two independent variables (humor and brand information) being manipulated at three different levels each, resulting in nine possible combinations or cells. The respondents are randomly assigned to each cell and measures are taken after exposure to the specific treatment combination.

Question 2

________ refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.
A) Internal validity
B) Extraneous validity
C) External validity
D) Control validity
E) Corollary group

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study's findings can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable(s) or treatment(s), rather than to confounding variables or other factors. Therefore, the correct answer is A) Internal validity.

Question 3

A random sample of respondents would be distributed randomly,half to the experimental group and half to the control group.A pretest questionnaire would be administered to the respondents in both groups to obtain a measurement on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising,brand,and celebrity; only the respondents in the experimental group would be exposed to the TV program containing the Pepsi commercial.Then,a questionnaire would be administered to respondents in both groups to obtain posttest measures on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising,brand,and celebrity.Which of the following experimental design best represents the above scenario?
A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) static group design
E) pretest-posttest control group design

Accepted Answer

The design described in the scenario involves a pretest-posttest control group design, as there is both a pretest and a posttest, and there is also a control group that does not receive the experimental treatment (exposure to the TV program containing the Pepsi commercial). This helps to control for other factors that may influence participants' attitudes toward Pepsi.

Question 4

________ are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.
A) Preexperimental designs
B) True experimental designs
C) Quasi-experimental designs
D) Statistical designs
E) Concurrent designs

Accepted Answer

True experimental designs are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups. Preexperimental designs, quasi-experimental designs, statistical designs, and concurrent designs do not necessarily have these features.

Question 5

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.
A) Preexperimental designs
B) True experimental designs
C) Quasi-experimental designs
D) Statistical designs
E) External variable designs

Accepted Answer

Statistical designs allow for the control and analysis of external variables by using statistical techniques to account for their effects.

Question 6

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to changes in the test units themselves that occur with the passage of time.
A) Mortality
B) Interactive testing effect
C) Maturation
D) Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to changes that occur in the test units themselves over time, which may affect the results of the study. This can include physical or psychological changes, such as age-related changes or changes in motivation or attention span. Mortality refers to loss of participants during the study, interactive testing effect refers to the influence of one test on subsequent tests, and main testing effect refers to the overall impact of the test itself.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an extraneous variable?
A) maturation
B) statistical regression
C) testing effects
D) selection bias
E) All of the above are extraneous variables.

Accepted Answer

All the options listed (maturation, statistical regression, testing effects, and selection bias) are considered extraneous variables, which can affect the outcome of an experiment if not controlled.

Question 8

Which of the following can be symbolized as: EG: R X O1
CG: R O2
Where,
X = the exposure of a group to an independent variable,treatment,event,the effects of which are to be determined
O = the process of observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units
R = the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments
CG = control group EG = experimental group
A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) static group design
E) pretest-posttest control group design

Accepted Answer

The symbolization represents a posttest-only control group design, where R indicates random assignment of test units to groups, O1 and O2 represent the observation or measurement of the dependent variable for the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG), respectively, and X indicates the exposure of the experimental group to the independent variable of interest.

Question 9

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.
A) Instrumentation
B) Statistical regression
C) Selection bias
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Selection bias refers to the bias that occurs when participants are not randomly assigned to different groups. This can result in systematic differences between the groups, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the effect of the treatment on the outcome. Instrumentation refers to changes in the measuring instrument or measurement procedures over time, while statistical regression refers to the tendency for extreme scores on a variable to become less extreme on a subsequent measurement.

Question 10

The ________ is a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment.
A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) random group
D) static group
E) before-and-after study

Accepted Answer

The one-group pretest-posttest design is the best choice because it describes a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment. The other options either do not fit this description or are not preexperimental designs.

Question 11

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of coupon value on redemption.Personal interviews were conducted in New York with 280 shoppers who were entering a supermarket.These shoppers were given a coupon for one of four brands prior to entering the store.Two coupon values were used,one offering 15-cents off and the other 50-cents off.Shoppers were randomly assigned to these two coupon-value levels.Four brands-Tide detergent,Kellogg's corn flakes,Aim toothpaste,and Joy liquid dishwashing detergent were used.These same shoppers were re-interviewed upon leaving the store and asked to report on any coupons used in the store.What extraneous variable most likely will influence the results of this experiment?
A) maturation
B) mortality
C) statistical regression
D) history
E) testing effects

Accepted Answer

The answer of An experiment was conducted to test the...

Question 12

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time,and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?
A) R X₁ O₁ R X₂ O₂
B) R X₁ O₁ O₂ X₂ O₂
C) X O₁ O₂ X O₁ O₂
D) R X₁ O₁ R X₁ O₁

Accepted Answer

This design represents a randomized controlled trial where two groups are randomly assigned to different treatments (X₁ and X₂) and the outcome (O₁ and O₂) is measured simultaneously.

Question 13

________ refers to whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment remain the same when replicated in a larger population.
A) Internal validity
B) Extraneous validity
C) External validity
D) Control validity
E) Population validity

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the generalizability of research findings to other populations or settings. It is concerned with whether the results obtained in a particular study can be replicated in a larger, more diverse sample or in different contexts. Internal validity, on the other hand, refers to the degree to which a study accurately tests the research hypothesis or causal relationship. Extraneous, control, and population validity are not relevant to this question.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a way of controlling extraneous variables?
A) Randomization
B) Matching
C) Statistical control
D) Design control
E) Interactive testing

Accepted Answer

Interactive testing is not a way of controlling extraneous variables. The other options, randomization, matching, statistical control, and design control, are all methods used to control extraneous variables in research studies.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the four broad categories of experimental designs?
A) concurrent design
B) preexperimental design
C) quasi-experimental design
D) statistical design
E) true experimental

Accepted Answer

Concurrent design is not a recognized category of experimental designs; the four broad categories are preexperimental, quasi-experimental, statistical, and true experimental designs.

Question 16

Designs that apply part of the procedures of true experimentation,while lacking full experimental control are called ________.
A) concurrent designs
B) preexperimental designs
C) quasi-experimental designs
D) statistical designs
E) partial designs

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental designs apply some of the procedures of true experimentation (such as treatment and control groups) but lack full experimental control (such as random assignment). Concurrent and preexperimental designs do not necessarily involve any experimental procedures, while statistical and partial designs are not commonly used terms in experimental design.

Question 17

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called ________.
A) true experimental designs
B) quasi-experimental designs
C) statistical designs
D) preexperimental designs
E) extraneous designs

Accepted Answer

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called preexperimental designs, which are less rigorous than true experimental designs as they lack control over extraneous variables. Quasi-experimental designs, on the other hand, are similar to true experimental designs but lack random assignment to conditions. Statistical designs is a vague term that can refer to any design that employs statistical analysis. Extraneous designs is not a common term in experimental research.

Question 18

Which of the following refers to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions?
A) randomization
B) matching
C) overcontrolling
D) statistical regression
E) selection bias

Accepted Answer

Selection bias refers to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions. Randomization and matching are methods used to prevent selection bias. Overcontrolling refers to a situation where the researcher exerts too much control over the study variables, which may limit generalizability. Statistical regression is a phenomenon where extreme scores on a variable tend to regress towards the mean on subsequent measurements, which is not related to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of preexperimental designs?
A) the one-shot case study
B) the one-group pretest-posttest design
C) the random group
D) the static group
E) C and D both

Accepted Answer

The random group is not one of the three types of preexperimental designs, so E is also a possible answer. The three types of preexperimental designs are the one-shot case study, the one-group pretest-posttest design, and the static group.

Question 20

A preexperimental design in which a single group of test units is exposed to a treatment X and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken is called ________.
A) the one-shot case study
B) the one-group pretest-posttest design
C) the random group
D) the static group
E) the X-file

Accepted Answer

The one-shot case study is the correct description for this preexperimental design where a single group is exposed to a treatment X and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken. The other options refer to different types of experimental designs.

Quiz 8: Causal Research Design: Experimentation

________ refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.

________ are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to changes in the test units themselves that occur with the passage of time.

Which of the following is NOT an extraneous variable?

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.

The ________ is a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment.

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time,and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?

________ refers to whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment remain the same when replicated in a larger population.

Which of the following is NOT a way of controlling extraneous variables?

Which of the following is NOT one of the four broad categories of experimental designs?

Designs that apply part of the procedures of true experimentation,while lacking full experimental control are called ________.

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called ________.

Which of the following refers to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions?

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of preexperimental designs?

A preexperimental design in which a single group of test units is exposed to a treatment X and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken is called ________.