Question 1

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to changes in the test units themselves that occur with the passage of time.
A) Mortality
B) Interactive testing effect
C) Maturation
D) Main testing effect

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the natural changes that occur in test units over time, which can affect the outcome of the study. This can be particularly relevant in studies involving children, where developmental changes can alter their behavior or abilities. Mortality refers to the loss of test units (e.g. participants dropping out of a study) which can also affect the outcome. Interactive testing effect and main testing effect are not relevant to the concept described in the question.

Question 2

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.
A) Preexperimental designs
B) True experimental designs
C) Quasi-experimental designs
D) Statistical designs
E) External variable designs

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ allow for the statistical control and...

Question 3

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.
A) Instrumentation
B) Statistical regression
C) Selection bias
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Selection bias occurs when the test units in one treatment condition are systematically different from those in another treatment condition, resulting in an extraneous variable that is not related to the treatment but to the selection process. This can be avoided by using random assignment of test units to treatment conditions. Instrumentation refers to changes in the measuring instruments or systems used in a study, while statistical regression refers to the tendency for extreme scores to become less extreme upon retesting due to measurement error. Neither of these options are related to improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a way of controlling extraneous variables?
A) Randomization
B) Matching
C) Statistical control
D) Design control
E) Interactive testing

Accepted Answer

Interactive testing is not a way of controlling extraneous variables. Rather, it is a technique used to evaluate the effects of multiple variables on an outcome. The other options (randomization, matching, statistical control, and design control) are all methods of controlling extraneous variables in order to isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Question 5

A preexperimental design in which a single group of test units is exposed to a treatment X and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken is called ________.
A) the one-shot case study
B) the one-group pretest-posttest design
C) the random group
D) the static group
E) the X-file

Accepted Answer

This type of design is referred to as the one-shot case study, as it only involves a single group being exposed to the treatment and measured on the dependent variable.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the four broad categories of experimental designs?
A) concurrent design
B) preexperimental design
C) quasi-experimental design
D) statistical design
E) true experimental

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT one...

Question 7

Designs that apply part of the procedures of true experimentation, while lacking full experimental control are called ________.
A) concurrent designs
B) preexperimental designs
C) quasi-experimental designs
D) statistical designs
E) partial designs

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental designs apply part of the procedures of true experimentation but lack full experimental control over the independent variable. Some examples of quasi-experimental designs include non-equivalent control group design, time-series design, and single-group time-series design. Choice A (concurrent designs) does not apply any procedures of true experimentation, while Choice B (preexperimental designs) does not have any control group. Choice D (statistical designs) and Choice E (partial designs) are not commonly used terms in experimental design.

Question 8

In a Pepsi project the researcher is interested in examining the effect of humor and the effect of various levels of brand information on advertising effectiveness. Three levels of humor (no humor, some humor, and high humor) are to be examined. Likewise, brand information is to be manipulated at three levels (low, medium, and high). The resulting table would be three rows (levels of information) by three columns (levels of humor), producing nine possible combinations or cells. The respondents would be randomly assigned to one of the nine cells. Respondents in each cell would receive a specific treatment combination. After exposure to a treatment combination, measures would be obtained on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising, brand, and the celebrity from respondents in each cell. To which category of design does this fall into?
A) statistical regression design
B) recombinant design
C) static group design
D) one-shot case study
E) factorial design

Accepted Answer

This is a factorial design because it involves manipulation of two independent variables (humor and brand information) and their potential interaction on the dependent variables (attitudes towards Pepsi advertising, brand, and celebrity). The design involves all possible combinations of the independent variables (three levels of humor and three levels of brand information).

Question 9

Which of the following can be symbolized as: EG: R X O1
CG: R O2
Where,
X = the exposure of a group to an independent variable, treatment, event, the effects of which are to be determined
O = the process of observation or measurement of the dependent variable on the test units or group of units
R = the random assignment of test units or groups to separate treatments
CG = control group EG = experimental group
A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) static group design
E) pretest-posttest control group design

Accepted Answer

The symbolization provided represents a posttest-only control group design, where one group (EG) receives the independent variable or treatment (X) and the other group (CG) does not (R), and both groups are observed or measured for the dependent variable (O1 for EG and O2 for CG).

Question 10

________ refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.
A) Internal validity
B) Extraneous validity
C) External validity
D) Control validity
E) Corollary group

Accepted Answer

Internal validity refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables. It is concerned with the degree to which the study design and methods are robust enough to rule out alternative explanations of a causal relationship between the variables being studied.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an extraneous variable?
A) maturation
B) statistical regression
C) testing effects
D) selection bias
E) All of the above are extraneous variables.

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed (maturation, statistical regression, testing effects, and selection bias) are considered extraneous variables. These are variables that can influence the outcome of an experiment but are not the variables being studied. They can introduce error or variability into the experimental results, making it harder to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Question 12

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time, and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?
A) R X₁ O₁ R X₂ O₂
B) R X₁ O₁ O₂ X₂ O₂
C) X O₁ O₂ X O₁ O₂
D) R X₁ O₁ R X₁ O₁

Accepted Answer

The correct choice is A) R X₁ O₁ R X₂ O₂. This notation represents a randomized experimental design where two groups (indicated by the initial R for each sequence) are randomly assigned to receive different treatments (X₁ and X₂) at the same time, and the outcomes (O₁ and O₂) are measured simultaneously for both groups. This setup ensures that any differences in outcomes can be attributed to the treatments rather than to other variables.

Question 13

________ refers to whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment remain the same when replicated in a larger population.
A) Internal validity
B) Extraneous validity
C) External validity
D) Control validity
E) Population validity

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which findings from an experiment can be generalized to other populations or situations. It is important to establish external validity to ensure that the results are applicable to real-world scenarios, rather than being limited to the specific conditions of the study. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 14

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of coupon value on redemption. Personal interviews were conducted in New York with 280 shoppers who were entering a supermarket. These shoppers were given a coupon for one of four brands prior to entering the store. Two coupon values were used, one offering 15-cents off and the other 50-cents off. Shoppers were randomly assigned to these two coupon-value levels. Four brands-Tide detergent, Kellogg's corn flakes, Aim toothpaste, and Joy liquid dishwashing detergent were used. These same shoppers were re-interviewed upon leaving the store and asked to report on any coupons used in the store. What extraneous variable most likely will influence the results of this experiment?
A) maturation
B) mortality
C) statistical regression
D) history
E) testing effects

Accepted Answer

The answer of An experiment was conducted to test the...

Question 15

________ are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.
A) Preexperimental designs
B) True experimental designs
C) Quasi-experimental designs
D) Statistical designs
E) Concurrent designs

Accepted Answer

True experimental designs are the only type of design where the researcher has the ability to randomly assign test units to experimental groups and treatments to groups. Preexperimental designs, quasi-experimental designs, and concurrent designs do not have this level of control over the manipulation of the independent variable. Statistical designs do not refer to a specific experimental design type.

Question 16

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called ________.
A) true experimental designs
B) quasi-experimental designs
C) statistical designs
D) preexperimental designs
E) extraneous designs

Accepted Answer

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called preexperimental designs. True experimental designs and statistical designs both involve randomization. Quasi-experimental designs attempt to control for extraneous factors but do not use randomization. Extraneous designs is not a recognized term in the field of research methodology.

Question 17

A random sample of respondents would be distributed randomly, half to the experimental group and half to the control group. A pretest questionnaire would be administered to the respondents in both groups to obtain a measurement on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising, brand, and celebrity; only the respondents in the experimental group would be exposed to the TV program containing the Pepsi commercial. Then, a questionnaire would be administered to respondents in both groups to obtain posttest measures on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising, brand, and celebrity. Which of the following experimental design best represents the above scenario?
A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) posttest-only control group design
D) static group design
E) pretest-posttest control group design

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes a pretest-posttest control group design where a random sample of respondents is divided into an experimental group (which is exposed to the TV program containing the Pepsi commercial) and a control group (which is not exposed). The pretest questionnaire is administered to both groups to measure attitudes toward Pepsi advertising, brand, and celebrity. After exposure to the TV program, a posttest questionnaire is administered to both groups to obtain posttest measures of attitudes. This design allows for the comparison of the experimental and control groups on the posttest measures while controlling for any preexisting differences between the groups.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of preexperimental designs?
A) the one-shot case study
B) the one-group pretest-posttest design
C) the random group
D) the static group
E) C and D both

Accepted Answer

The three types of preexperimental designs are the one-shot case study, the one-group pretest-posttest design, and the static group. The random group is not a type of preexperimental design.

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions?
A) randomization
B) matching
C) overcontrolling
D) statistical regression
E) selection bias

Accepted Answer

Selection bias refers to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions, leading to non-random sampling and potentially biased results. Randomization refers to the proper random assignment of test units to treatment conditions, while matching is a technique used to balance covariates between treatment groups. Overcontrolling refers to excessive control in an experiment that limits the generalizability of the results, and statistical regression refers to the tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the mean in repeated measurements.

Question 20

The ________ is a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment.
A) one-shot case study
B) one-group pretest-posttest design
C) random group
D) static group
E) before-and-after study

Accepted Answer

The one-group pretest-posttest design involves measuring a group of test units before and after exposure to the treatment. It is considered a preexperimental design because it lacks a control group or randomization. The other options (A, C, D, E) do not accurately describe this design.

Quiz 8: Causal Research Design: Experimentation

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to changes in the test units themselves that occur with the passage of time.

________ allow for the statistical control and analysis of external variables.

________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions.

Which of the following is NOT a way of controlling extraneous variables?

A preexperimental design in which a single group of test units is exposed to a treatment X and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken is called ________.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four broad categories of experimental designs?

Designs that apply part of the procedures of true experimentation, while lacking full experimental control are called ________.

________ refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.

Which of the following is NOT an extraneous variable?

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time, and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?

________ refers to whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment remain the same when replicated in a larger population.

________ are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called ________.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of preexperimental designs?

Which of the following refers to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions?

The ________ is a preexperimental design in which a group of test units is measured before and after exposure to the treatment.