Wal-Mart and other discounters and category specialists in the European Union are constantly scrutinized and often pressured by local authorities to raise prices. This is an example of

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This is an example of a price control used to increase the price of imports. E.U. governments charge that these international retailers price products below cost to drive out smaller competitors. Countervailing duty actions are usually product specific. Because this is an example of a nontariff barrier it is not an example of a tariff. The protectionist measure has nothing to do with exchange rates in this case.

Wal-Mart and Other Discounters and Category Specialists in the European