Question 1

__________________ theory states that offenders are rational decision makers who choose to engage in antisocial activity because they believe their actions will be beneficial.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________________ theory states that offenders are rational...

Question 2

____________________ deterrence theory contends that behavior is controlled by the threat of formal penalties which are swift, certain, and severe.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ deterrence theory contends that behavior is...

Question 3

A ___________________ is a particular location or address that is the site of repeated and frequent criminal activity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ___________________ is a particular location or...

Question 4

____________________ deterrence is demonstrated by sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince them not to repeat their criminal activity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ deterrence is demonstrated by sending convicted...

Question 5

Hirschi and Hindelang reported that IQ is more important than race and social class for involvement in delinquency.

Accepted Answer

Hirschi and Hindelang's study found that IQ was a stronger predictor of delinquency than factors such as race and social class.

Question 6

According to data from the Cambridge Youth Survey, fewer sons of noncriminal fathers become chronic offenders than youths with criminal fathers.

Accepted Answer

The statement accurately represents the findings from the Cambridge Youth Survey.

Question 7

Lombroso's theory of criminal ___________________ reflects the idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lombroso's theory of criminal ___________________ reflects the...

Question 8

__________________ theory states that delinquent acts are uncontrollable, irrational behaviors caused in part by an individual's mental and physical traits.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________________ theory states that delinquent acts are...

Question 9

Cognitive theory contends that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment; if people believe illegal behavior will result in severe sanctions, they will choose not to commit crimes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cognitive theory contends that the choice to...

Question 10

Children with ADHD are more likely to use illicit drugs, alcohol, cigarettes in adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Children with ADHD are at a higher risk for substance use disorders, including drug and alcohol abuse, smoking, and other substance abuse. Studies have shown that the risk for substance use disorders is up to twice as high in individuals with ADHD compared to those without the disorder. It is important for parents and healthcare professionals to be aware of this increased risk and take steps to prevent substance abuse in children with ADHD.

Question 11

People with pathological traits, such as abnormal personality, are at lower risk for crime over the life course.

Accepted Answer

Pathological traits, such as abnormal personality, are often associated with a higher risk for criminal behavior over the life course, not a lower risk.

Question 12

Twin studies and adoption studies provide no evidence that delinquent-producing traits may be inherited.

Accepted Answer

Twin studies and adoption studies suggest that genes may play a role in certain behaviors, including delinquency, but it is not the only factor. Environmental factors also play a crucial role. Therefore, delinquent-producing traits may be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, and it is difficult to draw a clear conclusion about inheritance based solely on twin and adoption studies.

Question 13

Cognitive theory contends that a significant number of non-delinquent youths display higher stages of moral reasoning than delinquents.

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive theory, moral reasoning develops in stages and those who reach higher stages are less likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Therefore, non-delinquent youths are more likely than delinquents to display higher stages of moral reasoning.

Question 14

__________________ philosophers Beccaria and Bentham argued that people weigh the consequences of their actions before deciding on a course of action.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________________ philosophers Beccaria and Bentham argued that...

Question 15

____________________ is a method that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ is a method that relies on...

Question 16

According to ___________________ theory, predatory crimes are influenced by the intersection of three variables: availability of suitable targets, the presence of motivated offenders, and the absence of capable guardians.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to ___________________ theory, predatory crimes are...

Question 17

Research shows that children with conduct disorder are frequently involved in bullying, fighting, committing sexual assaults, and behaving cruelly toward animals.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children with conduct disorder are at a higher risk for engaging in aggressive and violent behavior, which can include bullying, fighting, sexual assault, and cruelty towards animals.

Question 18

Lombroso found that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them similar to our primitive ancestors

Accepted Answer

Lombroso proposed a theory of criminal anthropology that suggested that criminals were in some way biologically different from non-criminals, and that such differences could be detected through physical characteristics such as asymmetrical features, large jaws, and ears that are set back. He argued that these characteristics were indicative of a throwback to earlier stages of evolution and that criminals were essentially atavisms or “born criminals” who displayed characteristics of primitive humans. However, his ideas and methods have been widely criticized and debunked over time.

Question 19

Arousal theorists believe that some people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Arousal theorists propose that individuals vary in their optimal level of arousal, or physiological activation, and that some people's brains may function differently in response to this arousal.

Question 20

__________________ theory is the view that both thought and behavior have biological and psychological bases.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________________ theory is the view that both...

Quiz 3: Individual Views of Delinquency: Choice and Trait