Question 1

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:
A)Using the word significant
B)Including an asterisk in a table
C)Using the notation p < 0.05
D)The inclusion of a graph

Accepted Answer

A graph may visually represent the data to show differences or relationships, but it does not directly indicate statistical significance. The other options all explicitly indicate statistical significance in different ways.

Question 2

Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr) Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Which of the following reasons might Dr. Elder have for changing his study in this way?
A)To enhance external validity
B)To ensure construct validity
C)To deal with statistical validity
D)To control internal validity

Accepted Answer

Dr. Elder changed his study in order to enhance external validity by examining whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults, which increases the generalizability of the study's findings to a wider population.

Question 3

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?
A)The introduction
B)The Method section
C)The Results section
D)The Discussion section

Accepted Answer

The description of the research design is typically found in the Method section of a journal article.

Question 4

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information?
A)The number of participants in the study
B)The number of main effects that need to be examined
C)The statistical significance of the interaction
D)The number of participant variables

Accepted Answer

The "2 × 2 × 4" notation indicates that there are three independent variables, each with two, two, and four levels, respectively. Therefore, there are a total of three main effects that need to be examined. The sentence does not provide information about the number of participants, statistical significance, or participant variables.

Question 5

According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions?
A)They are more scientific than other analyses.
B)Many outcomes in psychology are interactions.
C)They are more complicated than other analyses.
D)They are easier to understand than main effects.

Accepted Answer

Many outcomes in psychology are interactions, so studying interactions is important for understanding the complex ways that different variables interact to produce a given outcome.

Question 6

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design?
A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Accepted Answer

The number of cells in a factorial design is determined by multiplying the number of levels in each factor. In this case, there are 2 levels in one factor and 4 levels in the other factor, so the number of cells is 2 x 4 = 8. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 7

Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr) Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Based on the graphs above, why should Dr. Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?
A)There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds but not for 20-year-olds.
B)There is a two-way interaction for 20-year-olds but not for 10-year-olds.
C)There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds that is different from the two-way interaction for 20-year-olds.
D)There is no two-way interaction for either 10-year-olds or 20-year-olds.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Elder was interested in the way...

Question 8

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 × 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change?
A)The number of main effects that need to be examined
B)The number of interactions that need to be examined
C)The number of participants needed
D)The number of cells

Accepted Answer

Conducting a within-groups factorial design means that the same participants will be used in all conditions of the study, therefore reducing the number of participants needed. The number of main effects and interactions to be examined, as well as the number of cells, remains the same as in the independent-groups design.

Question 9

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 × 3 × 4 mixed factorial design. Which of the following things will NOT have to change?
A)The number of main effects that need to be examined
B)The number of interactions that need to be examined
C)The number of participants needed
D)The number of researchers needed

Accepted Answer

The number of researchers needed does not inherently change based on the design complexity (2 × 3 × 4 mixed factorial design versus a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design). The changes in design affect the statistical analysis (main effects, interactions) and potentially the number of participants, but not the quantity of researchers required.

Question 10

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction?
A)"Statistically significant"
B)"Mixed factorial design"
C)"It depends"
D)"Mediator variables"

Accepted Answer

"It depends" suggests that there is a consideration of different factors and potentially conflicting viewpoints, which implies an interaction between these factors or viewpoints.

Question 11

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude?
A)There is no interaction.
B)There is a crossover interaction.
C)There is a spreading interaction.
D)There is a main-effect interaction.

Accepted Answer

A spreading interaction is indicated by one line being flat and the other rising sharply, suggesting that the effect of one variable changes at different levels of another variable, rather than the lines crossing which would indicate a crossover interaction.

Question 12

Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr) Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

The addition of the new variable to Dr. Elder's study could be thought of as which of the following?
A)A confound
B)A moderator
C)An independent variable
D)A dependent variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Elder was interested in the way...

Question 13

In popular media articles, why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?
A)Participant variables are often used as moderators.
B)Participant variables are only found in factorial designs.
C)Studies with participant variables always find significant interactions.
D)Studies with participant variables are easier to write about.

Accepted Answer

Participant variables are often used as moderators in factorial designs, meaning that they influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Therefore, the inclusion of participant variable information in popular media articles often denotes a factorial design.

Question 14

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit?
A)100
B)150
C)200
D)250

Accepted Answer

In a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, there are two factors, each with two levels. Therefore, there are four cells. If Dr. Gavin wants 25 participants in each cell, he needs a total of 25 x 4 = <<25*4=100>>100 participants.

Question 15

What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect?
A)Main effects are less important than overall effects.
B)Main effects are more complicated to determine than overall effects.
C)Main effects look at one variable at a time; overall effects look at all variables simultaneously.
D)There is no difference between main effects and overall effects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between a main...

Question 16

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?
A)A crossover interaction
B)A spreading interaction
C)A three-way interaction
D)A difference interaction

Accepted Answer

A spreading interaction occurs when the difference between groups is larger under one condition than another, which matches the description given.

Question 17

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6

Accepted Answer

In a 2 × 4 factorial design, there are two independent variables: one with 2 levels and the other with 4 levels. The number of main effects corresponds to the number of independent variables, which in this case is 2 (one for each variable).

Question 18

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?
A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Accepted Answer

A 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design has 2 independent variables: one with 2 levels and another with 4 levels. The total number of conditions in the study is 8 (the product of the levels of the two independent variables).

Question 19

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many interactions will Dr. Gavin need to examine?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Accepted Answer

In a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, there is only one interaction to examine, which is the interaction between the two factors (the 2-level factor and the 4-level factor).

Question 20

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?
A)A crossover interaction
B)Multiple main effects
C)A three-way interaction
D)A within-groups factorial design

Accepted Answer

A "difference in the difference between the differences" is an indicator of a three-way interaction, which occurs when the effect of one independent variable differs across different levels of a second independent variable, and this difference differs across different levels of a third independent variable.

Quiz 12: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information?

According to the textbook, why is it important to study interactions?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many cells are in his design?

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 × 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change?

Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 × 3 × 4 mixed factorial design. Which of the following things will NOT have to change?

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction?

Neely is examining the graph of an interaction and sees that one line is flat and one line rises sharply to the right. Which of the following should Neely conclude?

In popular media articles, why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit?

What is the difference between a main effect and an overall effect?

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many main effects will Dr. Gavin need to examine?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study?

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many interactions will Dr. Gavin need to examine?

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?