Question 1

How is glucose reabsorbed in the tubules?
A)​via protein carriers
B)via fatty acid carriers
C)actively
D)passively
E)​by ionic filtration

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

What percentage of sugar (glucose)is absorbed in the tubules of the glomerular capillaries?​
A)​50%
B)75%
C)89%
D)98%
E)​100%

Accepted Answer

Glucose is completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, which is part of the renal tubules of the glomerular capillaries. Therefore, 100% of glucose that enters the glomerular capillaries is reabsorbed.

Question 3

What blood vessels directly supply the kidneys?​
A)​aorta and vena cava
B)superior and inferior vena cava
C)renal artery and renal vein
D)nephron artery and nephron vein
E)​thoracic artery and thoracic vein

Accepted Answer

The renal artery carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys, while the renal vein returns deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava. These are the two blood vessels that directly supply the kidneys.

Question 4

On average,how many times do the kidneys filter the entire plasma volume each day?​
A)​15
B)30
C)65
D)100
E)​135

Accepted Answer

The answer of On average,how many times do the kidneys...

Question 5

The properties of the glomerular membrane are collectively referred to as the:​
A)​glomerular properties
B)filtration quotient
C)filtration coefficient
D)membrane coefficient
E)​membrane quotient

Accepted Answer

The properties of the glomerular membrane are collectively referred to as the filtration coefficient. This coefficient determines how readily water and solutes pass through the glomerular membrane during filtration. It is calculated by dividing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the net filtration pressure (NFP). The filtration coefficient is essential in understanding kidney function and diagnosing kidney disease.

Question 6

What percentage of the blood each minute gets "cleaned" by the kidneys?​
A)​20-25%
B)15%
C)10-12%
D)8%
E)​3-5%

Accepted Answer

The kidneys receive about 20-25% of the resting cardiac output, which means they filter a significant portion of the blood each minute to remove waste products and excess substances. This high percentage reflects the kidneys' critical role in maintaining homeostasis.

Question 7

What are the two major control mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?​
A)​internal regulation and intrinsic parasympathetic control
B)autoregulation and intrinsic sympathetic control
C)internal regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control
D)autoregulation and extrinsic sympathetic control
E)​external regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control

Accepted Answer

The two major control mechanisms that regulate the GFR are autoregulation and extrinsic sympathetic control. Autoregulation refers to the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite changes in systemic blood pressure, while extrinsic sympathetic control refers to the regulation of the GFR by the sympathetic nervous system. Thus, option D is the best choice, as it accurately identifies both mechanisms. Option A is incorrect because there is no intrinsic parasympathetic control of GFR. Option B is incorrect because there is no intrinsic sympathetic control of GFR. Option C is incorrect because there is no extrinsic parasympathetic control of GFR. Option E is incorrect because there is no external regulation of GFR.

Question 8

The primary function of Bowman's capsule is to:
A)​carry blood to the glomerulus
B)collect the glomerular filtrate
C)collect excess blood plasma
D)establish an osmotic gradient
E)​reabsorb sodium

Accepted Answer

Bowman's capsule is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the glomerular filtrate, which is then passed through the renal tubules for further processing and modification. Therefore, the primary function of Bowman's capsule is to collect the glomerular filtrate.

Question 9

Which of the following represents the highest pressure to the lowest?​
A)glomerular capillary osmotic pressure → plasma-colloid blood pressure → basement membrane capsule hydrostatic pressure
B)nephron capillary osmotic pressure → basement membrane blood pressure → glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure
C)glomerular capillary osmotic pressure → plasma-colloid blood pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
D)nephron capillary blood pressure → basement membrane osmotic pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
E)glomerular capillary blood pressure → plasma-colloid osmotic pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence from highest to lowest pressure in the context of the kidney's filtration system is: glomerular capillary blood pressure (which drives the filtration process), followed by plasma-colloid osmotic pressure (which opposes filtration by pulling water back into the capillaries), and finally, Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (pressure within the Bowman's capsule that also opposes filtration). This sequence correctly reflects the forces involved in the filtration process across the glomerular membrane.

Question 10

Urinary flow in men can be compromised by enlargement or growth of what gland?
A)​kidneys
B)pancreas
C)adrenals
D)prostate​
E)​spleen

Accepted Answer

The prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body), can enlarge over time and obstruct the urinary flow in men. This condition is known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate enlargement. Therefore, choice D, prostate, is the correct answer. Kidneys, pancreas, adrenals, and spleen are not directly involved in urinary flow regulation.

Question 11

What layer of the glomerular membrane consists of podocytes?
A)​inner layer of Bowman's capsule
B)outer layer of Bowman's capsule
C)inner loop of Henle
D)outer loop of Henle
E)​the basement membrane

Accepted Answer

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule consists of specialized cells called podocytes, which play a crucial role in the filtration process in the kidneys.

Question 12

The role of the hormone erythropoietin is to:​
A)​stimulate red blood cell production
B)increase urine volume
C)increase frequency of urination
D)draw sodium out of the plasma
E)​combat dehydration

Accepted Answer

The hormone erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. It is primarily produced in the kidneys in response to low levels of oxygen in the blood.

Question 13

How many nephrons are in each kidney?​
A)​about 10 million
B)about 1 million
C)about 100,000
D)about 25,000
E)​about 250

Accepted Answer

Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons.

Question 14

Each tuft of the glomerular capillaries is held together by:
A)​granular cells
B)mesangial cells
C)endothelium
D)connective tissue
E)​plasma cells

Accepted Answer

Tufts of the glomerular capillaries are held together by mesangial cells. These cells produce extracellular matrix, which helps to anchor the capillary loops together and maintain the integrity of the glomerulus. Mesangial cells also play a role in regulating blood flow through the glomerulus and in phagocytosing cellular debris and immune complexes.

Question 15

To be reabsorbed by the tubules,how many distinct barriers must a substance cross?
A)​two
B)three
C)four
D)five​
E)​six

Accepted Answer

The answer of To be reabsorbed by the tubules,how many...

Question 16

How much more permeable to water is the glomerular capillary wall compared to capillaries elsewhere in the body?
A)​100x
B)50x
C)20x
D)10x
E)​2x

Accepted Answer

The glomerular capillary wall is highly permeable to water and solutes due to the presence of fenestrations (small pores) and a thin basement membrane. This allows for the formation of a filtrate that can be further modified by the renal tubules. Compared to capillaries elsewhere in the body, the glomerular capillary wall is approximately 100 times more permeable to water.

Question 17

Bilirubin is a waste product in urine derived from:
A)​blood plasma
B)nucleic acids
C)creatine
D)proteins
E)​hemoglobin

Accepted Answer

Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin, which is found in red blood cells. When old or damaged red blood cells are broken down, bilirubin is formed and released into the bloodstream. It is ultimately excreted in the urine and feces.

Question 18

From what kind of cells are granular cells derived?​
A)​striated muscle cells
B)smooth muscle cells
C)red blood cells
D)white blood cells
E)​plasma cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of From what kind of cells are granular...

Question 19

What are the two types of nephrons called?​
A)​cortex and medulla
B)proximal and distal
C)looped and straight
D)cortical and juxtamedullary
E)​collecting and tubule

Accepted Answer

The two types of nephrons are cortical and juxtamedullary, based on their location in the kidney. The cortical nephrons are located in the kidney cortex, while the juxtamedullary nephrons are located near the junction of the cortex and medulla. The other answer choices refer to different parts or structures within the nephron but do not represent the two types of nephrons.

Question 20

Sodium is reabsorbed throughout the tubule with the exception of the:​
A)​distal segment of the tubule
B)proximal segment of the tubule
C)descending limb of Henle's loop
D)ascending limb of Henle's loop
E)​basement membrane

Accepted Answer

Sodium is reabsorbed in various parts of the nephron, but the descending limb of Henle's loop is primarily permeable to water, not sodium, making it the exception where sodium reabsorption does not occur.

Quiz 14: The Urinary System

How is glucose reabsorbed in the tubules?

What percentage of sugar (glucose) is absorbed in the tubules of the glomerular capillaries?

What blood vessels directly supply the kidneys?

On average,how many times do the kidneys filter the entire plasma volume each day?

The properties of the glomerular membrane are collectively referred to as the:

What percentage of the blood each minute gets "cleaned" by the kidneys?

What are the two major control mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ?

The primary function of Bowman's capsule is to:

Which of the following represents the highest pressure to the lowest?

Urinary flow in men can be compromised by enlargement or growth of what gland?

What layer of the glomerular membrane consists of podocytes?

The role of the hormone erythropoietin is to:

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

Each tuft of the glomerular capillaries is held together by:

To be reabsorbed by the tubules,how many distinct barriers must a substance cross?

How much more permeable to water is the glomerular capillary wall compared to capillaries elsewhere in the body?

Bilirubin is a waste product in urine derived from:

From what kind of cells are granular cells derived?

What are the two types of nephrons called?

Sodium is reabsorbed throughout the tubule with the exception of the:

Quiz 14: The Urinary System

How is glucose reabsorbed in the tubules?

What percentage of sugar (glucose) is absorbed in the tubules of the glomerular capillaries?​

What blood vessels directly supply the kidneys?​

On average,how many times do the kidneys filter the entire plasma volume each day?​

The properties of the glomerular membrane are collectively referred to as the:​

What percentage of the blood each minute gets "cleaned" by the kidneys?​

What are the two major control mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ?​