Question 1

Statistical estimations suggest that pollution peaks at what level of income per capita?

Accepted Answer

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis suggests that pollution levels increase with income per capita up to a certain point and then decrease as income continues to rise. The peak of pollution often occurs in the lower-middle income range, which is approximately $5,000 to $8,000, according to various studies. This range represents the point at which a society starts to prioritize and can afford environmental protections.

Question 2

The incremental cost of achieving a lower target in the amount of change in global temperature is a form of:

Accepted Answer

The incremental cost of achieving a lower target in the amount of change in global temperature is a form of climate insurance, as it is a cost incurred in order to mitigate the risks and impacts of climate change.

Question 3

The relationship between levels of pollution and levels of income generally follows an inverted-U shape and is commonly called the:

Accepted Answer

The relationship between levels of pollution and levels of income generally follows an inverted-U shape and is commonly called the environmental Kuznets curve. As income rises, pollution levels tend to increase to a point and then start to decline as countries become wealthier and develop better environmental regulations and technologies. This hypothesis was first proposed by economist Simon Kuznets in the 1950s, who observed a similar relationship between income inequality and economic development.

Question 4

IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be used individually as short-answer identification questions, or they can be used in pairs. In the latter case, ask students to explain (1) the meaning and significance of each of the two terms and (2) the relationship between them.
-Common-pool resources,nonrenewable resource

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be...

Question 5

IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be used individually as short-answer identification questions, or they can be used in pairs. In the latter case, ask students to explain (1) the meaning and significance of each of the two terms and (2) the relationship between them.
-Resource rent,depletion

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be...

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of forest income in rural livelihoods?

Accepted Answer

Forest income in rural livelihoods can serve as a safety net during times of production shortfalls, provide support for current consumption, and even contribute to income growth. Therefore, all of the above options (A, B, and C) are correct.

Question 7

Public disclosure of information about a factory's environmental performance to local stake holders is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Public disclosure of information about a factory's environmental performance to local stakeholders is considered an example of informal regulation because it involves mechanisms outside of formal legal or governmental regulatory frameworks to influence or control behavior. This can include public pressure, consumer choice, or community advocacy, which are not formalized through official regulatory bodies but can still have a significant impact on how a factory operates in relation to its environmental performance.

Question 8

The combination of produced capital,natural capital,and intangible capital make up which of the following terms?

Accepted Answer

The term that encompasses all forms of capital, including produced, natural, and intangible, is comprehensive wealth. This term is commonly used in environmental economics and sustainable development to measure the total wealth of a country or region, taking into account not only traditional economic measures like GDP but also natural resources and other intangible assets like education and social relations. Choice A (complete wealth) and Choice D (comprehensive resources) are not commonly used terms in this context, and Choice B (total assets) does not encompass intangible capital.

Question 9

Which of the following are characteristics of common-pool resources (CPRs)?

Accepted Answer

Common-pool resources have two defining characteristics - non-excludability (it is difficult to exclude anyone from using them) and subtractability (use by one person reduces the availability of that resource for use by others). These resources can certainly be governed and regulated, but often require unique management strategies to prevent overuse and depletion.

Question 10

Response to the potential threats from global climate change requires simultaneous action on which two fronts?

Accepted Answer

The two fronts that require simultaneous action to respond to potential threats from global climate change are mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions to slow down climate change, while adaptation involves developing strategies to prepare for and cope with the impacts of climate change that are already happening or inevitable. Both fronts are crucial to address the challenges posed by global climate change.

Question 11

Fragile environments of the world are largely populated by the world's:

Accepted Answer

Fragile environments are often located in areas that are less developed or economically marginalized, where poverty and inequality are prevalent. These areas tend to have limited infrastructure and resources, and their populations often rely on the environment for their livelihoods, which puts additional stress on already vulnerable ecosystems. Therefore, it is the poor who are the most affected by the degradation of these environments.

Question 12

IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be used individually as short-answer identification questions, or they can be used in pairs. In the latter case, ask students to explain (1) the meaning and significance of each of the two terms and (2) the relationship between them.
-Present value,optimal target

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be...

Question 13

IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be used individually as short-answer identification questions, or they can be used in pairs. In the latter case, ask students to explain (1) the meaning and significance of each of the two terms and (2) the relationship between them.
-Payments for environmental services (PES)programs,marketable permits

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be...

Question 14

Which British economist predicted that continued population growth would bring the world to disaster?

Accepted Answer

Thomas Malthus, a British economist, predicted in his 1798 essay "An Essay on the Principle of Population" that population growth would eventually outstrip food production, leading to famine and disaster. His theory became known as "Malthusianism."

Question 15

Which organization declared the requirement that consumption by today's generation must be accompanied by sufficient conservation of resources to protect the future generation's ability to consume as well?

Accepted Answer

The concept of sustainable development and the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social equity was introduced by the Brundtland Commission in their report titled "Our Common Future" in 1987. This report famously defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Question 16

As of 2006,which country overtook the United States as the world's leading source of carbon dioxide emissions?

Accepted Answer

As of 2006, China overtook the United States as the world's leading source of carbon dioxide emissions. India, Russia, and Japan were not the leading sources at that time.

Question 17

The socially optimal outcome is achieved when the owner of property rights is a(n)________ and sells output in a competitive market.

Accepted Answer

The socially optimal outcome occurs when resources are allocated efficiently, which is attained when the owner of property rights is a profit-maximizer and sells output in a competitive market. This ensures that the resources are being used in the most valuable way according to society's preferences. The other options do not necessarily lead to the socially optimal outcome.

Question 18

Adjusted net saving is equal to gross saving minus both the depreciation of made capital and the depreciation of:

Accepted Answer

Adjusted net saving is a measure of the sustainability of an economy and represents the change in a country's net worth. It is calculated by subtracting the depreciation of physical capital (made capital) and natural resources (natural capital) from gross saving. Therefore, option B is correct as it represents the depreciation of natural capital. Options A, C, and D are not correct as they do not represent the depreciation of natural capital.

Question 19

The ________ suggests that a sustainable development path for countries that depend on nonrenewable resources requires the rents from those resources to be continually invested rather than consumed.

Accepted Answer

The Hartwick rule, also known as the Rule for Sustainable Depletion, states that countries that rely on nonrenewable resources for their wealth and development should invest the rent generated from these resources into other assets, such as infrastructure or education, so that they can sustain their growth even after the resources have been depleted. This approach ensures that the benefits of nonrenewable resources are not consumed entirely in the present but are retained for future generations. The Solow growth model is a theoretical framework that explains how economies grow over time, but it does not address sustainability or nonrenewable resources specifically. Malthus theory is a prediction that population growth will outstrip the available resources, leading to a crisis, and Ricardo rule is not a widely recognized concept in economics.

Question 20

IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be used individually as short-answer identification questions, or they can be used in pairs. In the latter case, ask students to explain (1) the meaning and significance of each of the two terms and (2) the relationship between them.
-Pollution,greenhouse gases

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDs and Paired-Concept Questions
These terms can be...

Quiz 20: Sustainable Development

Statistical estimations suggest that pollution peaks at what level of income per capita?

The incremental cost of achieving a lower target in the amount of change in global temperature is a form of:

The relationship between levels of pollution and levels of income generally follows an inverted-U shape and is commonly called the:

Which of the following is a function of forest income in rural livelihoods?

Public disclosure of information about a factory's environmental performance to local stake holders is an example of:

The combination of produced capital,natural capital,and intangible capital make up which of the following terms?

Which of the following are characteristics of common-pool resources (CPRs) ?

Response to the potential threats from global climate change requires simultaneous action on which two fronts?

Fragile environments of the world are largely populated by the world's:

Which British economist predicted that continued population growth would bring the world to disaster?

Which organization declared the requirement that consumption by today's generation must be accompanied by sufficient conservation of resources to protect the future generation's ability to consume as well?

As of 2006,which country overtook the United States as the world's leading source of carbon dioxide emissions?

The socially optimal outcome is achieved when the owner of property rights is a(n) ________ and sells output in a competitive market.

Adjusted net saving is equal to gross saving minus both the depreciation of made capital and the depreciation of:

The ________ suggests that a sustainable development path for countries that depend on nonrenewable resources requires the rents from those resources to be continually invested rather than consumed.