Question 1

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals,often by liver enzymes,is referred to as drug

Accepted Answer

Drug metabolism refers to the conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals, often by liver enzymes. This process helps the body eliminate the drug from the system, and is a key factor in determining the drug's duration of action and potential for toxicity. Tolerance refers to the reduced effectiveness of a drug over time with repeated use, withdrawal describes the symptoms that occur when a drug is suddenly stopped or reduced, blocking refers to the use of a drug to prevent the effects of another drug, and habituation refers to the development of a psychological dependence on a drug.

Question 2

The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is

Accepted Answer

The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is its unpredictability, as absorption can vary depending on factors such as the presence of food in the stomach or individual differences in gastrointestinal physiology. This can make it difficult to achieve consistent therapeutic levels of a drug in the body.

Question 3

After the termination of exposure to some drugs,there are withdrawal effects that are usually

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal effects are usually opposite to the initial effects of the drug. For example, if the drug initially caused drowsiness, the withdrawal effects may cause insomnia, and if the drug initially caused euphoria, the withdrawal effects may cause depression.

Question 4

Many chronic drug-addicted individuals come to prefer the __________ route of drug administration.

Accepted Answer

Chronic drug-addicted individuals often prefer intravenous (IV) drug administration because it allows for the fastest onset of drug effects and produces a more intense high than other routes of administration. However, IV drug use is also the riskiest route, with a higher likelihood of overdose and transmission of bloodborne diseases like HIV and hepatitis.

Question 5

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve

Accepted Answer

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve to the right. This means that a higher dose of the drug is required to produce the same effect as before. Therefore, the curve shifts to the right on the x-axis, indicating the increased dose needed to achieve the same response. Option A is incorrect as an upward shift would mean that the same dose produces a greater response, which is not the case in drug tolerance. Option C is also incorrect as a leftward shift signifies increased sensitivity to the drug, which contradicts the concept of tolerance. Option D and E are partially correct but not the best answer as they include incorrect options along with the right ones.

Question 6

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is

Accepted Answer

Functional tolerance occurs when there is a decreased response to a drug due to physiological adaptation in the target tissue. This is also known as pharmacodynamic tolerance, as opposed to metabolic tolerance, which occurs due to changes in drug metabolism, or situational/conditional tolerance, which occurs due to environmental context or learned associations. Reverse tolerance, also known as sensitization, is the opposite of tolerance and results in an increased response to a drug over time. Contingent tolerance refers to a tolerance that develops only to certain effects or aspects of a drug's effects, rather than to the drug as a whole.

Question 7

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called

Accepted Answer

Drug tolerance is a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug. This means that higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve the same effects as before. Drug sensitization, on the other hand, is the opposite - it is an increased sensitivity to the drug as a result of previous exposure. Drug withdrawal, physical dependence, and psychological dependence are related concepts but refer to different aspects of drug use and abuse.

Question 8

Some drugs can be effectively delivered through mucous membranes.One such drug is

Accepted Answer

Cocaine can be effectively delivered through mucous membranes, such as the nasal mucosa, which is why it is often snorted.

Question 9

Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be

Accepted Answer

Physical dependence is characterized by the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued or decreased. Psychologically dependent individuals may have intense cravings or emotional withdrawal symptoms, but physical symptoms are not present. Tolerance refers to a reduction in the effectiveness of the drug over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. Intoxication refers to the acute effects of a drug, which can include changes in mood or cognition.

Question 10

Drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects of injected drugs are relatively __________ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration.

Accepted Answer

Injected drugs have a fast onset of action and predictable effects, making them a commonly used route of drug administration in medical practice. Therefore, option B and C are the correct options. Option A is incorrect because the effects of injected drugs are not slight, but rather significant and rapid. Option D is incorrect because not all of the options are correct.

Question 11

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect

Accepted Answer

Psychoactive drugs can affect the activity of the central nervous system, subjective experience, and behavior, which makes them capable of altering one's mental state and producing different patterns of perception, cognition, and emotion. However, not all psychoactive drugs cause psychotic behavior, as this is a severe mental disorder that involves losing touch with reality and experiencing delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized thinking.

Question 12

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by

Accepted Answer

The blood-brain barrier is a unique feature of the CNS that prevents many chemicals, including drugs and toxins, from passing from the circulatory system into CNS neurons. This barrier is formed by specialized cells that line the walls of blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord, and it helps to protect the delicate neurons of the CNS from potentially harmful substances.

Question 13

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

Accepted Answer

Cross tolerance occurs when tolerance to one drug leads to tolerance for another drug that acts on the same receptors or neural pathways. This is due to the brain adapting to the effects of the first drug in a way that reduces its responsiveness to other drugs with similar actions.

Question 14

Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the

Accepted Answer

The majority of orally-taken drugs are absorbed through the walls of the intestine. The lining of the small intestine has a large surface area due to its folds and projections called villi, which allows for efficient absorption into the bloodstream. The stomach does absorb some drugs, but it is not the primary site of absorption for most medications. The mouth and esophagus are not designed for absorption and the lungs are not typically involved in oral drug administration.

Question 15

__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic tolerance occurs when the body becomes more efficient at metabolizing a drug, resulting in less of the drug getting to its site of action in the brain. This leads to a decrease in the drug's effects and can result in the need for higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Question 16

Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted

Accepted Answer

Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted in the early parts of the 20th century, before there was relevant scientific information. For example, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed in 1914, and prohibited the use of opium for nonmedical purposes. These laws were enacted prior to the discovery and scientific understanding of the neurobiology of addiction, and were largely based on moralistic and political concerns rather than evidence-based approaches to drug use and addiction. Therefore, choice D, "both A and B" is the best choice.

Question 17

Drug sensitization is the opposite of

Accepted Answer

Drug sensitization refers to an increase in the potency or effects of a drug after repeated use, whereas drug tolerance refers to a decrease in the potency or effects of a drug after repeated use. Therefore, C is the opposite of drug sensitization. The other options are not related to drug sensitization.

Question 18

Globally,more than 1 billion people are addicted to _____________,and more than 76 million are addicted to _____________.

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people worldwide use tobacco products and are addicted to nicotine. Additionally, the World Health Organization reports that 76.3 million people have an alcohol use disorder.

Question 19

An important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparison to other conventional routes is its relative

Accepted Answer

The oral route is generally easier and safer compared to other routes, as it is non-invasive and convenient for self-administration.

Question 20

Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous (IV) administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose because the drug directly enters the bloodstream, bypassing any mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that may help mitigate the effects of an overdose with other routes of administration. In contrast, with other routes of administration, such as oral or through mucus membranes, there may be more time for healthcare providers to intervene and counteract the effects of an overdose.

Quiz 15: Drug Addiction and the Brains Reward Circuits