Question 1

Which self-description is 10-year-old Destiny the most likely to use?

Accepted Answer

The self-description about being smart in certain subjects aligns with a 10-year-old's growing awareness of their strengths and areas of interest. The other options may be too simplistic or unrealistic for a 10-year-old to fully understand or believe about themselves.

Question 2

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks.She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments.According to Erikson,Leah has __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is industry vs. inferiority. If a child successfully resolves this conflict, they develop a sense of competence and take pride in their accomplishments. Leah's positive self-concept and sense of competence suggest that she has positively resolved this conflict.

Question 3

Beginning in middle childhood,children's self-descriptions start to emphasize __________.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children's self-descriptions become more complex and nuanced, incorporating both their positive and negative traits, reflecting a more balanced and realistic self-view.

Question 4

Sam is an American fourth grader.Compared to his Asian agemates,when asked to describe himself,Sam is more likely to say __________.

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for a description of himself, and of the given choices, "I like hockey" provides the most descriptive information about Sam's interests or identity. The other choices do not provide any specific information about Sam's personal attributes or characteristics.

Question 5

Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept,pride in accomplishment,moral responsibility,and cooperative participation with agemates.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's concept of industry refers to the sense of competence and productivity that develops during middle childhood. This includes a positive self-concept, pride in accomplishments, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with peers. Trust, autonomy, and identity are important concepts in Erikson's theory, but they are more relevant to earlier or later stages of development.

Question 6

Which child living in a low-SES,predominantly African-American neighborhood is the most likely to have self-esteem problems?

Accepted Answer

Patti, being a European-American child in a predominantly African-American neighborhood, might face unique challenges related to fitting in and identity, which could impact her self-esteem more significantly than the other children mentioned, who share racial or socioeconomic characteristics with the majority of their community.

Question 7

School-age children __________.

Accepted Answer

School-age children use frequent social comparisons, comparing themselves to others in a variety of areas such as academics, sports, and social interactions. They actively seek out feedback and evaluation from their peers and adults in their lives. B, C, and D are not accurate descriptions of school-age children's behavior.

Question 8

Which statement on self-esteem is true?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently found that Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children. However, the other options are incorrect. Boys do not consistently score higher in language arts self-esteem than girls, and girls do not consistently score higher in social acceptance self-esteem than boys. Additionally, there is no clear consensus among studies about which racial or ethnic group has higher self-esteem.

Question 9

Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Self-esteem takes on a hierarchical structure in...

Question 10

By age 6 to 7,children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least __________ broad self-evaluations.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that by age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-evaluations, including academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, and physical appearance.

Question 11

During childhood and adolescence,perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem factor.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that during childhood and adolescence, perceived physical appearance correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other factor, including athletic competence, academic competence, and social competence. This may be due in part to the emphasis our culture places on physical attractiveness, particularly for girls and women.

Question 12

Chao is a Chinese second grader.Compared to his Western agemates,when asked to describe himself,Chao is more likely to say __________.

Accepted Answer

In collectivist cultures like China, individuals are more likely to define themselves in relation to others and emphasize their roles within their families or communities. Therefore, Chao is more likely to describe himself in terms of his relationship with his family, such as how his little brother feels about him, rather than focusing on his personal attributes or interests.

Question 13

As school-age children move into adolescence,self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.

Accepted Answer

Close friends become increasingly important as children move into adolescence because they form a part of their social identity and influence their self-concept. Research has shown that peer acceptance is strongly related to self-esteem during adolescence, and rejection or neglect from peers can lead to a negative self-concept. While family continues to play a role in shaping self-concept, the influence of peers becomes more salient during adolescence. Younger children and the inner self are not as significant in shaping self-concept during this developmental stage.

Question 14

Edris tries hard and enjoys science.He thinks math is a useful subject as well.Edris probably has __________ competence.

Accepted Answer

Edris shows motivation and enjoyment towards science, indicating high academic competence, and he recognizes the usefulness of math, further demonstrating academic strength. Therefore, high academic competence is the best answer.

Question 15

Raylynne is well-liked by all of her classmates.She probably has high __________.

Accepted Answer

Raylynne's popularity among her classmates suggests that she has a high level of social self-esteem, or a positive evaluation of one's own social worth. Academic competence (A) and athletic competence (C) would refer to proficiency in specific areas of achievement, which may or may not correlate with social popularity. Learned helplessness (D) would not be applicable given the given information.

Question 16

__________ are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.

Accepted Answer

Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits. Perspective-taking involves the ability to understand and empathize with other people's points of view, which helps individuals to develop a more accurate and nuanced understanding of themselves and their own personality traits. Egocentric views, pessimistic views, and interdependent attitudes may also play a role in shaping one's self-concept, but perspective-taking skills are the most directly linked to this process.

Question 17

Self-esteem __________ during elementary school.

Accepted Answer

According to research, self-esteem typically remains high during elementary school. Children in this age group tend to have positive self-perceptions and a strong sense of self-worth. As children move into adolescence, however, self-esteem may decline as they navigate complex social and academic challenges.

Question 18

Sociologist George Herbert Mead proposed that a __________ emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles others' attitudes toward the child.

Accepted Answer

Mead's theory of the development of the self involves the idea of taking on the perspectives of others and using them to form one's own sense of self. This process involves an individual's ability to take on the role of the other (i.e., seeing things from another person's perspective) and the development of a generalized other (i.e., an understanding of the common expectations and attitudes of a given social group). When children are able to adopt a view of themselves that is similar to the attitudes and perspectives of those around them, they develop a well-organized psychological self.

Question 19

According to Erikson,the danger in middle childhood is __________,reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.

Accepted Answer

Erikson identified the danger in middle childhood as developing feelings of inferiority, which can lead to pessimism and lack of confidence in one's abilities.

Question 20

Francisco,a fifth grader,shows industriousness when he __________.

Accepted Answer

Designing and entering a robot competition demonstrates effort and hard work, which is indicative of industriousness. The other options do not necessarily demonstrate this trait.

Quiz 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood