Question 1

Match each definition to the corresponding term
-Responsibility orientation
A)The ability to feel guilt or shame, or feelings associated with a guilty or clear conscience; indicates whether behavior was appropriate and guides one to choose appropriate or desired behaviors
B)Requiring certain behaviors from children; having high expectations for children that are reasonable and supported with encouragement and optimism
C)Appropriate actions or behaviors that serve some productive or positive function in a child’s activities and patterns of interactions
D)Behavior that is out of place, immature, unproductive, or socially inept
E)Inappropriate, troublesome, and sometimes unsafe behavior
F)The process by which people learn to monitor their own actions and decide whether a tempting behavior is the right or wrong thing to do
G)Perspective in which sensitivity to others, loyalty, responsibility, self-sacrifice, and peacemaking reflect interpersonal involvement and caring and ethical and moral decision making
H)Thinking processes that guide people in deciding what is or is not moral behavior
I)The ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act accordingly
J)Perspective in which integrity tends to be the dominant moral compass for making autonomous, independent, and self-oriented ethical and principled decisions
K)Inappropriate or self-destructive behavior not serving any positive or productive function in a child’s life
L)The process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from day-to-day events to major life concepts; because children learn best from “hands-on” experiences, we invite them to think and talk about each inappropriate behavior so they will be able to figure out larger moral concepts.

Accepted Answer

Responsibility orientation is described as a perspective where traits such as sensitivity to others, loyalty, responsibility, self-sacrifice, and peacemaking reflect a deep interpersonal involvement and a commitment to ethical and moral decision-making.

Question 2

Which of the following is not true of children in Kohlberg's second stage of morality?
A)Children gradually develop self-control and learn how to get along with others.
B)Children's level is referred to as semiconventional morality.
C)Children focus on simplistic perceptions of "goodness" and "badness."
D)Attachment, love, and respect trigger the child's internalization of values.
E)Children desire to please others and try to follow rules of family and community.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's second stage of morality is referred to as "conventional morality," not "semiconventional morality." Stages one and two are part of the pre-conventional level, stages three and four are part of the conventional level, and stages five and six are part of the post-conventional level.

Question 3

Match each definition to the corresponding term
-Justice orientation​
A)The ability to feel guilt or shame, or feelings associated with a guilty or clear conscience; indicates whether behavior was appropriate and guides one to choose appropriate or desired behaviors
B)Requiring certain behaviors from children; having high expectations for children that are reasonable and supported with encouragement and optimism
C)Appropriate actions or behaviors that serve some productive or positive function in a child’s activities and patterns of interactions
D)Behavior that is out of place, immature, unproductive, or socially inept
E)Inappropriate, troublesome, and sometimes unsafe behavior
F)The process by which people learn to monitor their own actions and decide whether a tempting behavior is the right or wrong thing to do
G)Perspective in which sensitivity to others, loyalty, responsibility, self-sacrifice, and peacemaking reflect interpersonal involvement and caring and ethical and moral decision making
H)Thinking processes that guide people in deciding what is or is not moral behavior
I)The ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act accordingly
J)Perspective in which integrity tends to be the dominant moral compass for making autonomous, independent, and self-oriented ethical and principled decisions
K)Inappropriate or self-destructive behavior not serving any positive or productive function in a child’s life
L)The process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from day-to-day events to major life concepts; because children learn best from “hands-on” experiences, we invite them to think and talk about each inappropriate behavior so they will be able to figure out larger moral concepts.

Accepted Answer

Justice orientation is described as a perspective where integrity is the main guide for making autonomous, independent, and self-oriented ethical and principled decisions.

Question 4

As four-year-olds gradually learn to monitor their own actions, they should be able to
A)decide whether or not tattling is ethical.
B)understand the true meaning of the Pledge of Allegiance.
C)recite standard rules of etiquette.
D)explain why hitting another child is wrong.
E)all of these

Accepted Answer

At around four years old, children begin to develop a sense of morality and can start to understand why certain actions, like hitting, are wrong. This understanding is part of their cognitive and social development, allowing them to grasp basic concepts of right and wrong. Choices A, B, and C involve more complex cognitive and ethical reasoning or memorization skills that are typically beyond the developmental stage of a four-year-old.

Question 5

Adult-centered definitions of misbehavior focus on the effect a child's behavior has on the child's development toward adulthood.

Accepted Answer

Adult-centered definitions of misbehavior focus on the disruption a child's behavior causes to adults or the adult environment, rather than on the child's development.

Question 6

Match each definition to the corresponding term
-Misbehavior
A)The ability to feel guilt or shame, or feelings associated with a guilty or clear conscience; indicates whether behavior was appropriate and guides one to choose appropriate or desired behaviors
B)Requiring certain behaviors from children; having high expectations for children that are reasonable and supported with encouragement and optimism
C)Appropriate actions or behaviors that serve some productive or positive function in a child’s activities and patterns of interactions
D)Behavior that is out of place, immature, unproductive, or socially inept
E)Inappropriate, troublesome, and sometimes unsafe behavior
F)The process by which people learn to monitor their own actions and decide whether a tempting behavior is the right or wrong thing to do
G)Perspective in which sensitivity to others, loyalty, responsibility, self-sacrifice, and peacemaking reflect interpersonal involvement and caring and ethical and moral decision making
H)Thinking processes that guide people in deciding what is or is not moral behavior
I)The ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act accordingly
J)Perspective in which integrity tends to be the dominant moral compass for making autonomous, independent, and self-oriented ethical and principled decisions
K)Inappropriate or self-destructive behavior not serving any positive or productive function in a child’s life
L)The process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from day-to-day events to major life concepts; because children learn best from “hands-on” experiences, we invite them to think and talk about each inappropriate behavior so they will be able to figure out larger moral concepts.

Accepted Answer

Misbehavior is defined as inappropriate, troublesome, and sometimes unsafe behavior.

Question 7

Positive child guidance focuses on the child's ability level, the severity and intent of the behavior, and possible reasons for the behavior.

Accepted Answer

Positive child guidance involves considering the child's individual characteristics and the reasons behind their behavior in order to choose appropriate and effective strategies for guiding their behavior.

Question 8

Removing a child from the scene of a conflict is useful because it allows a cooling-off period, removes temptation, and provides more privacy for resolving the problem.

Accepted Answer

Removing a child from the scene of a conflict can help with de-escalation and give the adults involved a chance to resolve the issue without risking harm or causing additional stress to the child. By taking them out of the immediate environment, it can also help remove any temptations for the child to interfere or worsen the conflict. Providing a more private setting can also help with communication and problem-solving.

Question 9

Which of the following is not true concerning Carol Gilligan's research?
A)The male approach to morality assumes that individuals have certain basic rights and that one must respect the rights of others, so morality imposes restrictions on what one can do.
B)Gilligan summarizes her perspective by saying that male morality assumes a morality orientation.
C)The female approach to morality assumes that people have responsibility toward others, so morality is an imperative to care for others.
D)In her view, the female approach to morality assumes a responsibility orientation.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true because Gilligan argues that male morality assumes an autonomy orientation rather than a morality orientation. Male morality is focused on the individual's independence and rights, rather than considering the responsibility towards others.

Question 10

Adults can support the development of morality in young children by all of the following except
A)assuring that children feel doubt and shame when they misbehave.
B)taking time to listen to children, to understand and respond to their questions.
C)explaining why hurtful behaviors are wrong.
D)treating other adults with dignity and respect.
E)providing books, songs, and stories with examples of appropriate behavior.

Accepted Answer

Assuring that children feel doubt and shame when they misbehave is not an effective way to support the development of morality. This approach can lead to feelings of shame and low self-esteem, which can hinder the development of a strong moral compass. Instead, adults should focus on positive reinforcement, explanations of why certain behaviors are wrong, and modeling appropriate behavior themselves.

Question 11

The word inappropriate suggests fault or blame.

Accepted Answer

The word inappropriate simply means not suitable or fitting for a particular purpose or situation. It does not necessarily imply fault or blame.

Question 12

An adult relying on a child-centered definition of misbehavior will​
A)make decisions based on the time of day and the planned schedule.
B)focus on the effect a child's behavior has on the adult.
C)consider the opinions of others watching the misbehavior.
D)focus on the ability level, motives, and long-term well-being of the child.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

An adult relying on a child-centered definition of misbehavior will focus on the ability level, motives, and long-term well-being of the child. This approach is child-centered as it takes into account the unique needs and perspectives of the child, rather than focusing solely on the impact of the behavior on the adult or others. It also considers the child's developmental stage and individual differences, which can provide insight into the underlying causes of the misbehavior. Overall, a child-centered approach to misbehavior aims to address the root causes of the behavior rather than merely trying to control or punish the child.

Question 13

Younger school-aged children are not mature enough to develop self-control, learn how to get along with others, or follow any of the accepted rules of their family and community.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Younger school-aged children are capable of developing self-control, learning social skills, and following rules. However, they may need guidance and support from adults to develop these skills.

Question 14

Dysfunctional behavior includes all of the following except
A)self-destructive behavior.
B)inappropriate behavior.
C)behavior not serving a positive function in the child's life.
D)using words to express frustration.
E)teasing.

Accepted Answer

Using words to express frustration is not necessarily dysfunctional behavior, as this can be a healthy way for children to communicate their feelings and needs. The other options all involve behaviors that are considered dysfunctional, as they either harm the child or do not serve a positive purpose in their life.

Question 15

When children have accepted as their own the moral values of their adult role models, they begin to experience the emotional component of morality that is called
A)postconventional morality.
B)self-determination.
C)autonomy.
D)moral affect.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

The emotional component of morality is referred to as moral affect, which is the central notion for this question. Options A, B, and C are irrelevant to the question. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 16

The term inappropriate behavior means that the child
A)is to blame for an embarrassing situation.
B)has behaved in a manner that is not desirable in a specific situation.
C)is angry and upset.
D)has behaved in a way that is silly and unexpected.
E)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Inappropriate behavior refers to a child's action or conduct that is not acceptable or desirable, given the social norms, setting, or expectations. It does not necessarily suggest blame or wrongdoing, anger or upset, or silliness. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 17

Match each definition to the corresponding term
-Inappropriate behavior
A)The ability to feel guilt or shame, or feelings associated with a guilty or clear conscience; indicates whether behavior was appropriate and guides one to choose appropriate or desired behaviors
B)Requiring certain behaviors from children; having high expectations for children that are reasonable and supported with encouragement and optimism
C)Appropriate actions or behaviors that serve some productive or positive function in a child’s activities and patterns of interactions
D)Behavior that is out of place, immature, unproductive, or socially inept
E)Inappropriate, troublesome, and sometimes unsafe behavior
F)The process by which people learn to monitor their own actions and decide whether a tempting behavior is the right or wrong thing to do
G)Perspective in which sensitivity to others, loyalty, responsibility, self-sacrifice, and peacemaking reflect interpersonal involvement and caring and ethical and moral decision making
H)Thinking processes that guide people in deciding what is or is not moral behavior
I)The ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act accordingly
J)Perspective in which integrity tends to be the dominant moral compass for making autonomous, independent, and self-oriented ethical and principled decisions
K)Inappropriate or self-destructive behavior not serving any positive or productive function in a child’s life
L)The process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from day-to-day events to major life concepts; because children learn best from “hands-on” experiences, we invite them to think and talk about each inappropriate behavior so they will be able to figure out larger moral concepts.

Accepted Answer

Behavior that is out of place, immature, unproductive, or socially inept

Question 18

When children evidence a compulsive and chronic pattern of very inappropriate or self-destructive behavior, the behavior can be termed functional.

Accepted Answer

Functional behavior is behavior that serves a purpose or function for the individual, such as obtaining attention or escape from demands. Inappropriate or self-destructive behavior would not be considered functional.

Question 19

Which of the following is not true of children in Kohlberg's first stage of morality?
A)Children have developed a sense of moral discrimination.
B)Children's level is referred to as preconventional morality.
C)Children perceive right and wrong in terms of what a behavior will get for them
D)Children need adults to patiently explain the reason a certain behavior is right and others are wrong.
E)Children wonder, "If I do this will I get what I want? Will I avoid what I don't want?"

Accepted Answer

Children in Kohlberg's first stage of morality do not yet have a developed sense of moral discrimination. In this stage, their perception of right and wrong is based solely on the consequences of their actions for themselves, rather than on any broader moral principles.

Question 20

Functional behavior includes all of the following except
A)it helps get a child's needs met.
B)it serves some positive function in a child's activities.
C)actions such as throwing rocks at birds in a tree.
D)appropriate actions.

Accepted Answer

Functional behavior is defined as behavior that serves a purpose or function for the individual, such as getting needs met or facilitating participation in activities. Throwing rocks at birds does not serve a positive function or help meet a child's needs in a constructive or socially acceptable way, making it an example of non-functional behavior.

Quiz 9: Fundamental Causes of Positive and Negative Behavior

Match each definition to the corresponding term -Responsibility orientation

Which of the following is not true of children in Kohlberg's second stage of morality?

Match each definition to the corresponding term -Justice orientation​

As four-year-olds gradually learn to monitor their own actions, they should be able to

Adult-centered definitions of misbehavior focus on the effect a child's behavior has on the child's development toward adulthood.

Match each definition to the corresponding term -Misbehavior

Positive child guidance focuses on the child's ability level, the severity and intent of the behavior, and possible reasons for the behavior.

Removing a child from the scene of a conflict is useful because it allows a cooling-off period, removes temptation, and provides more privacy for resolving the problem.

Which of the following is not true concerning Carol Gilligan's research?

Adults can support the development of morality in young children by all of the following except

The word inappropriate suggests fault or blame.

An adult relying on a child-centered definition of misbehavior will​

Younger school-aged children are not mature enough to develop self-control, learn how to get along with others, or follow any of the accepted rules of their family and community.

Dysfunctional behavior includes all of the following except

When children have accepted as their own the moral values of their adult role models, they begin to experience the emotional component of morality that is called

The term inappropriate behavior means that the child

Match each definition to the corresponding term -Inappropriate behavior

When children evidence a compulsive and chronic pattern of very inappropriate or self-destructive behavior, the behavior can be termed functional.

Which of the following is not true of children in Kohlberg's first stage of morality?

Functional behavior includes all of the following except

Match each definition to the corresponding term -Justice orientation

An adult relying on a child-centered definition of misbehavior will