In a study by Bjorklund, children were trained to use grouping as a means to improve recall. Although the fourth-graders in this study were able to learn the grouping strategy, their recall ability did not improve. This finding is an example of

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Utilization deficiency occurs when a memory strategy is learned but is not effectively used to enhance recall. In this case, the children in the study were able to learn the grouping strategy but did not use it effectively to improve their recall ability.

In a Study by Bjorklund, Children Were Trained to Use