Question 1

The outermost, tough portion of a hair shaft is the

Accepted Answer

The cuticle is the outermost layer of a hair shaft and is composed of flattened, keratinized cells that overlap like shingles on a roof to provide protection and smoothness to the hair. The cortex is the middle layer of the hair shaft and contains melanin pigment and structural proteins. The medulla is the innermost layer and contains soft keratin. The external root sheath is the extension of the epidermis that surrounds the hair follicle. Soft keratin refers to the type of keratin found in the medulla, not the outermost layer of the hair shaft.

Question 2

Which of the following parts of a hair are usually seen because they are located outside of the body

Accepted Answer

The shaft of the hair is the part that is usually seen because it extends outside of the body. The other parts listed are located within the hair follicle and are not visible unless the hair is cut or pulled out.

Question 3

Fine hairs covering the general surface of the body are

Accepted Answer

Fine hairs covering the general surface of the body are called vellus hairs. Terminal hairs are thicker and longer hairs that grow on the scalp, face, armpits, and pubic regions. Intermediate hairs are not a recognized category of hair types. Heavily pigmented hairs may refer to any type of hair that has a high amount of melanin, but it is not exclusive to fine hairs.

Question 4

The papillary layer of the dermis

Accepted Answer

The papillary layer of the dermis consists of loose connective tissue, contains capillaries and sensory neurons, and has dermal papillae that project between the epidermal ridges. Therefore, all the answers are correct.

Question 5

The cells in a hair follicle that are responsible for forming the hair are

Accepted Answer

Matrix cells are responsible for the formation of hair in the hair follicle. These cells are located at the base of the hair follicle and divide rapidly to produce hair cells.

Question 6

The area of the skin that contains blood vessels supplying the epidermis is the

Accepted Answer

The papillary layer of the dermis contains small blood vessels that supply nutrients to the epidermis. The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are produced. The reticular layer is the thicker layer of the dermis containing collagen and elastin fibers. The hypodermis is the subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis composed of flattened, dead skin cells.

Question 7

Functions of the hair on the body include

Accepted Answer

All of the options are functions of body hair. It protects the skin from UV radiation, cushions blows, provides insulating benefits, and provides nervous sensation.

Question 8

What does a mammary gland secrete

Accepted Answer

Mammary glands secrete milk for lactation and nursing offspring.

Question 9

Which factor contributes most to the determination of hair color

Accepted Answer

The structure of the pigments produced by melanocytes at the papilla is the main factor that determines hair color. The two types of melanin that contribute to hair color are eumelanin (produces black and brown hues) and pheomelanin (produces red and blonde hues). The amount and type of melanin produced determines the specific shade of color. Age and air bubbles in the medulla may affect the appearance of hair, but they are not the primary factors determining hair color.

Question 10

Differences in uncut hair length result from

Accepted Answer

The length of uncut hair is primarily determined by the growth rate of hair and the duration of the hair growth cycle. Variations in hair growth rate and the duration of the growth cycle can result in differences in hair length among individuals. The thickness of the individual hairs and quality of conditioning treatments may also play a role in hair appearance but do not affect the length of the hair itself.

Question 11

The hypodermis is important in

Accepted Answer

The hypodermis, also known as subcutaneous tissue or subcutis, lies below the dermis and serves the purpose of stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues, such as muscles and bones. It also acts as an insulator and energy reserve. While the hypodermis does contribute to preventing water loss, this is primarily the function of the epidermis, and it does not connect the dermis to the epidermis. Therefore, choices A and C are incorrect. Choice D is also not completely accurate, as preventing water loss is not the primary function of the hypodermis.

Question 12

Functions of merocrine sweat glands include which combination of the following
(1)lubricating the skin
(2)thermoregulation
(3)inhibiting the growth of bacteria on the skin
(4)excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs

Accepted Answer

Merocrine sweat glands are primarily involved in thermoregulation, inhibiting bacterial growth through the acidic nature of sweat, and excreting water, electrolytes, and some drugs. They do not lubricate the skin.

Question 13

Two types of sweat glands in the skin are

Accepted Answer

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are merocrine and apocrine. Merocrine sweat glands are the most common and are found all over the body. They secrete a watery sweat that helps regulate body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are found mainly in the armpits and genital area and secrete a thicker, milky sweat that can be a source of body odor when bacteria break it down.

Question 14

Which of the following terms refers to fine hairs grown on the fetus

Accepted Answer

Lanugo refers to the fine hairs that cover a fetus and are shed around the time of birth.

Question 15

The cells found in sweat glands that function to force sweat out of the gland are called

Accepted Answer

Myoepithelial cells are specialized muscle-like cells found in sweat glands that contract to force sweat out of the gland and onto the skin's surface. Neuroepithelial cells are found in the olfactory epithelium and are involved in detecting odors. Stratified columnar cells are found in some tissues, but not in sweat glands. Transitional cells are found in the urinary system, not in sweat glands.

Question 16

At the end of a hair's growth cycle, the follicle does which of the following

Accepted Answer

At the end of a hair's growth cycle, the follicle does all of the above mentioned processes. It becomes inactive, smaller, loses connection to the hair matrix, and sloughs off the old hair when the cycle begins again. Therefore, option E is the correct answer.

Question 17

The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is (the)

Accepted Answer

Merocrine sweat glands are the most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body. They are found in almost all areas of the skin and produce a clear, odorless sweat that helps regulate body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are found primarily in the axillary and anogenital regions and produce a thicker, more odorous sweat. Ceruminous glands are found in the ear canal and produce earwax, while myoepithelial cells are found in both types of sweat glands and help propel sweat out of the gland.

Question 18

Cerumen is a mixture of sebum and

Accepted Answer

Cerumen is another name for earwax, which is a mixture of sebum (an oily substance) and dead skin cells. It is not primarily composed of salts, proteins, water, or saliva.

Question 19

Sebaceous glands are often associated with

Accepted Answer

Sebaceous glands are commonly found connected to hair follicles in the skin.

Answer: E 
 While sebaceous glands are primarily associated with hair follicles, they can also be found in some areas without hair, such as the eyelids, nipples, and genitalia. Additionally, sebaceous glands can be found alongside both merocrine and apocrine sweat glands. Therefore, all of the answers are correct.

Question 20

Merocrine sweat glands

Accepted Answer

Merocrine sweat glands respond to elevated body temperature by releasing sweat onto the surface of the skin to cool the body down. This type of sweat gland is different from apocrine glands, which produce a secretion that is often associated with body odor. Merocrine sweat glands are found all over the body, but are most abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. They are not usually attached to hair follicles.

Quiz 4: The Integumentary System