Technically, Vinh's Direct Supervisor Is Leila, but His De Facto

Technically, Vinh's direct supervisor is Leila, but his de facto boss is his colleague Mark, who has been with the company for several years. Vinh has stopped even trying to get Leila's feedback on problems, since she always seems to be out of the office for some reason or another, and even when she is there, she avoids talking to anyone. Leila is demonstrating

A) laissez-faire leadership.
B) transactional leadership.
C) contingent reward leadership.
D) active management-by-exception.
E) passive management-by-exception.